The Decoupling Paradox: A Mixed-Methods Analysis of Institutional Compliance and Structural Resource Obsolescence in Developing TVET Systems

Abstract

Technical-Vocational Education and Training (TVET) systems worldwide are increasingly expected to align with the demands of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (4IR). However, many public vocational institutions in developing economies continue to face structural and technological constraints that affect program delivery. This study examined the operational realities of state-administered TVET institutions on Panay Island, Philippines, during the 2024–2025 academic year. Specifically, it sought to determine the levels of program implementation, facilitator competency, and institutional challenges, as well as the relationships among these variables.
An explanatory sequential mixed-methods design was employed. Quantitative data were collected from 108 vocational facilitators selected through stratified random sampling, while qualitative insights were obtained from six purposively selected key informants. Descriptive and inferential statistical techniques, including Spearman’s Rank Correlation, were used to analyze the data, complemented by phenomenological analysis of participants’ experiences.
Findings revealed very high levels of formalized program implementation (M = 4.53, SD = 0.12) and facilitator competency (M = 4.44, SD = 0.61). Despite these favorable indicators, respondents identified serious concerns related to outdated technologies and inadequate infrastructure (M = 4.48, SD = 0.66). Correlation analysis showed no significant relationship between implementation and facilitator competency (rs = .07, p = .47), nor between implementation and institutional challenges (rs = .03, p = .76). These results suggest the presence of institutional decoupling, wherein administrative compliance is maintained through the resilience and adaptive practices of facilitators, thereby concealing persistent resource deficiencies.
The study proposes a strategic structural alignment framework that bridges policy expectations with actual institutional capacities to enhance the sustainability and responsiveness of TVET systems.