Oral Manifestations of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist Therapy: Implications for Dental Practice

Abstract

Glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs) have transformed the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus and obesity, becoming among the most widely prescribed pharmacologic therapies worldwide. Medications such as semaglutide, tirzepatide, liraglutide, dulaglutide, and exenatide have demonstrated substantial benefits in glycemic control, weight reduction, and cardiovascular risk reduction. As the use of these agents continues to expand, healthcare providers are increasingly recognizing adverse effects that extend beyond the gastrointestinal and metabolic systems. Emerging evidence suggests that GLP-1 receptor agonists may influence oral health through alterations in salivary gland function, delayed gastric emptying, reflux-related complications, dehydration, and changes in nutritional status. Reports of xerostomia, halitosis, taste disturbances, enamel erosion, dentinal hypersensitivity, and increased caries susceptibility have generated growing interest within the dental community. Emerging literature has also explored the potential impact of GLP-1 therapy on periodontal health, peri-implant tissues, and oral inflammatory processes.
This narrative review examines the pharmacologic basis of GLP-1 receptor agonists and discusses their potential oral manifestations and implications for dental practice. Particular emphasis is placed on xerostomia, dental erosion, caries risk, oral mucosal changes, periodontal considerations, and the emerging concept of “Ozempic mouth.” The review also highlights clinical recommendations for dental professionals managing patients receiving GLP-1 receptor agonist therapy and identifies areas requiring future investigation. As the use of these medications continues to increase, dental practitioners must recognize potential oral complications and implement preventive strategies to optimize patient outcomes.