Livelihood Dynamics and Economic Significance of the Sea Shell Handicraft Industry in Coastal Villages of Purba Medinipur District, West Bengal, India

Abstract

The seashell handicraft industry is a major sector of the rural non-farm economy in Purba Medinipur district, West Bengal, intertwined with coastal tourism, fisheries, and traditional artisanal knowledge. It provides livelihood opportunities to economically vulnerable households, women workers, artisanal communities, and seasonal labourers. This study analyzes various aspects of the industry, including its socio-economic features, production organization, and potential for employment generation, based on extensive literature and regional socio-economic studies. Primarily, the sector relies on household and cottage production with informal market networks and the intergenerational transfer of skills. The involvement of women in various processes, from cleaning to selling shell goods, contributes to both household incomes and gender inclusivity. Increased tourism has led to greater demand for ornamental and souvenir products, bolstering commercialization. However, the industry faces significant challenges, including inconsistent raw material supplies, coastal erosion, marine pollution, rising production costs, and competition from machine-made items, which undermine profitability and sustainability. This research emphasises the need for coordinated policy interventions to enhance coastal resource management, skill development, design innovation, market integration, financial access, and infrastructure improvement, aiming to strengthen the economic viability, resilience, and cultural sustainability of the seashell handicraft sector in Purba Medinipur.