Prevalence of Disability and Its Association with Socioeconomic Status and Quality of Life Among Rural Adults in Dadra and Nagar Haveli: A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Disability is a complex interaction between health conditions and environmental factors. In India, regional prevalence—particularly among rural and tribal populations—often exceeds global estimates due to socioeconomic disparities and varied assessment methodologies.
Objectives: This study aimed to determine disability prevalence in rural Dadra and Nagar Haveli and evaluate its independent association with socioeconomic status (SES) and Quality of Life (QOL) outcomes.
Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 684 adults (mean age 42.7 ±15.3 years) using multistage cluster sampling. Disability was assessed via WHODAS 2.0, QOL via WHOQOL-BREF, and SES via the Modified Kuppuswamy Scale. Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic and linear regression models.
Results: Disability prevalence was 31.2% (202/648; 95% CI: 27.6%–34.8%). It increased with age (12.5% to 54.8%; p < 0.001) and was higher among females (34.7%; p = 0.002), illiterate individuals (45.2%; p < 0.001), and lower SES groups (41.1%; p < 0.001). Lower SES (AOR = 2.71), age >60 years (AOR = 3.76), and illiteracy (AOR = 1.84) were independent predictors. Disability significantly reduced quality of life (β = -0.44; p < 0.001).
Conclusion: Nearly one-third of the rural adult population experiences disability, which is closely linked to aging, female gender, and socioeconomic disadvantage. The significant impact on QOL highlights an urgent need for standardized assessments and strengthened community-based rehabilitation (CBR) programs within tribal and rural regions.