80 Articles
M. Ambika, Prof. Dr. R. Sivamathi, Prof. S. Sabitha
Ageing is often accompanied by psychological challenges such as depression, anxiety, and loneliness. Elderly individuals residing in old age homes are particularly vulnerable due to separation from family, loss of independence, and social isolation. The present study aimed to assess the psychological problems experienced by geriatrics living in selected old age homes at Coimbatore. A descriptive research design with a quantitative approach was adopted. The study was conducted among 30 elderly residents aged 60 years and above using a non-probability convenience sampling technique. Data were collected using a structured interview schedule comprising socio-demographic variables and standardized tools such as the Geriatric Depression Scale (GDS) and Hamilton Anxiety Rating Scale. The data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The findings revealed that a majority of the elderly experienced mild to moderate levels of depression and anxiety. No significant association was found between psychological problems and selected demographic variables. The study highlights the need for early identification and appropriate mental health interventions for elderly individuals living in old age homes.
Frinces Joy T. Apolinario
Job satisfaction and job performance are critical determinants of effectiveness in law enforcement organizations, directly influencing operational efficiency, personnel well-being, and public trust. This study examined the levels of job satisfaction and job performance among personnel of the La Union Police Provincial Office (LUPPO), Philippines, and identified challenges affecting these outcomes as a basis for an institutional action plan. A concurrent mixed-methods research design was employed, integrating quantitative survey data and qualitative interview findings. A total of 299 police personnel were selected through simple random sampling. Quantitative data were gathered using a validated survey questionnaire measuring job satisfaction in terms of operational and administrative accomplishments and job performance across six dimensions: output, job knowledge, work management, interpersonal relationships, concern for the organization, and personal qualities. Qualitative data were obtained through key informant interviews to explore challenges encountered by personnel. Results indicated a consistently high level of job satisfaction among LUPPO personnel, supported by strong operational engagement, effective crime prevention initiatives, administrative support mechanisms, recognition systems, and welfare programs. Job performance was rated as excellent across all evaluated dimensions by both commissioned and non-commissioned officers. Qualitative findings revealed persistent challenges, including limited training opportunities in later years, logistical and resource constraints, and emotional fatigue resulting from sustained operational demands. These findings underscore the importance of organizational support, ethical leadership, and performance-oriented management in law enforcement institutions. Thus, the study concludes that sustaining high job satisfaction is essential for maintaining excellent job performance in policing organizations. It recommends strengthening continuous training programs, communication and innovation competencies, wellness initiatives, and performance-based recognition systems to enhance organizational effectiveness and personnel resilience.
Chioma Udoka Okeke, Dauda Sanda
The study determined three heavy metal composition of three calcium carbide induced ripened fruits – pineapple, orange and banana bought from local markets within Bauchi Metropolis, Nigeria. The study aimed to compare the heavy metal composition and the estimated daily intake of the metals in these fruits to FOA permissible limits and their Ingestion Reference doses respectively; and to estimate the possible health risks by consuming them. Standard analytical and spectrophotometric methods were used to determine the metal concentrations. Results of the analysis indicated that the studied metals were detected in all the categories of fruits studied. The concentrations ranges (mg/kg) of Cr, Pb and As detected in the NR fruits analysed were 0.001±0.01–0.009±0.03, .001±0.01and 0.001±0.01–0.003±0.01 respectively while for the AR, it was 0.003±0.01– 0.014±0.06, 0.002±0.0–0.004±0.01 and 0.003±0.001–0.006±0.03, though the AR fruits have enhanced levels of these metals compared to the NR fruits. The levels of metals in the fruits were lower than the FOA limits. The Estimated daily intake of the study fruits were below the reference doses of the metals (Cr- 1.5; Pb – 0.004; As – 0.005), while the Hazard index for the metals were all less than 1. All the study fruits are therefore safe for consumption and poses no negative effect on human. However, it is recommended among others, that food science and public health experts in collaboration with regulatory bodies should educate fruit sellers and the general public on the negative effects artificially ripening has on the nutritional values of fruits and the health implications of consuming such fruits over time.
Anthony Chimamkpam Ojimba, Anthony Chukwudi Areji, Kingsley Ikechukwu Onah, Michael Chugozie Anyaehie, Nneka Ifeoma Okafor
Anti-life choices refer to decisions that are inimical to sustenance and full development of natural life. Certain decisions like the approval of abortion, contraception, gay marriage, euthanasia and assisted suicide are treated as anti-life choices and have generated a lot of ethical controversy bordering on individual autonomy and liberty, dignity of human life and society's sustenance. Pro-choice advocates hold that individual autonomy confers the liberty to manage one’s life and body as one considers fit. These choices should be liberalised and left to the individual's discretion. In contrast, pro-life advocates argue for deontological respect for human life, natural order and societal values and call for legal restraints against these anti-life choices. The controversy lies in the limits of individual liberty in deciding matters of life. This paper is premised on the conviction that human life is sacred and transcends individual liberty of self-determination. It uses philosophical analysis to examine the logical implications of these anti-life choices for the dignity of human life and the sustenance of human society, especially in Africa. The study posits that individual liberty should be exercised within societal values, and liberalisation of anti-life choices, as championed by pro-choice advocates, strips human life of its dignity as a prime value and reduces it to the status of a commodity, endangering the lives of the weak and being inimical to the sustenance of human society. They are antithetical to African values of reverence for human life, community responsibility, and the sustenance of society.
Abdullahi Adamu Jibir, Ali Abba Jime, Ali Goni Sanda, Bukar Mustapha, Maimuna Gubo Makinta
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health challenge, and the food chain is increasingly recognized as an important pathway for transmission of resistant microorganisms from animals to humans. In India, extensive use of antimicrobials for therapeutic, prophylactic, and growth promoting purposes in food producing animals has raised serious food safety and public health concerns. The aim of this narrative review is to compile data from 2010–2025 on veterinary antimicrobials use, AMR trends and antimicrobial residues in milk, meat, poultry, eggs, and aquaculture products (including the environment) in India, and highlight gaps in surveillance and policy within a One Health approach. Evidence published shows that high levels of antimicrobial resistant pathogens (e.g., E. coli, Salmonella, Campylobacter and methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) occur in animal-derived food with public health risks from both consumption and handling for example, MRSA was detected in 46% raw milk samples and multidrug resistance of over 60% in some poultry isolates). The scaling-up of antimicrobial stewardship in veterinary practice, improved hygiene and biosecurity in the food chain, increasing integrative surveillance for AMR and better intersectoral coordination is essential to protect public health and ensure food safety in India.
Adaeze Chidinma Oreh, Bariatoa Neyeko Demua, Joy Tonye Wihioka, Pearl Iyaye Daibi Abereton, Siyeofori Belema Dede, Temple Nnodim Akagbue
Background and aim: The World Health Organization (WHO) advocates for a world where every pregnant woman and newborn receives quality care throughout pregnancy, childbirth, and postnatal periods. This study was thus aimed at assessing the manpower, equipment and material resources adequacy for providing Basic Obstetric Imaging Services (BOIS) services, in primary healthcare facilities in Rivers State, Nigeria. Materials and methods: This study utilized the descriptive, cross-sectional design and was conducted in 83 PHC facilities in Rivers State, Nigeria, where the heads of facility provided responses on the availability of manpower, equipment and material resources necessary for the provision of BOIS services. Data was collected using adapted manpower, equipment and materials checklists, after which evaluation was done using laid down PHC standards to identify the adequacy of the assessed resources. Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23 and was presented on tables and charts. Results: Regarding the manpower, it was identified that the largest proportion of the facilities had one doctor 45 (47.4%), one nurse 27 (28.4%), one community health officer (CHO) 32 (33.7%), three community health extension workers (CHEW) 22 (23.2%), and one records officer 39 (41.1%) working in the facilities. About 38 (40.0%), 22 (23.2%), 28 (29.5%), 2 (2.1%), and 7 (7.4%) of the facilities did not have any doctor, nurse, CHO, CHEW, nor records officer respectively. Assessing the adequacy of the various cadres of workers using the national minimum standard requirements for manpower at PHC facilities, revealed inadequacies affecting all cadres, with nurses (76%) and doctors (40%) having the highest proportion of inadequacies. An assessment of the adequacy of the equipment and materials using a 50% cut-off for categorization of availability into “adequate” and “inadequate” showed that most facilities 72 (76.0%) experienced inadequacies as they did not have a number of these equipment and materials. Conclusion and recommendation: The manpower, equipment and material resources necessary for BOIS provision in PHC facilities in Rivers State was found to be inadequate. It was recommended that PHC facilities in the State be strengthened with all resources for the effective provision of BOIS services to the populace.
Nweze Lucy Onyinyechi, Prof. Madu, C.N
This study evaluates the effects of indiscriminate dumping of solid waste on the water quality of Atafu River in Agbani, Enugu State. Employing physicochemical and microbial analysis, the research identifies pollutants and compares findings with WHO standards. Key results reveal significant degradation of water quality, rendering it unsuitable for human consumption. Recommendations include community re-orientation, waste segregation, and enforcement of sustainable waste management practices. The findings underscore the urgent need for integrated waste management systems to mitigate water pollution and safeguard public health.
Adamu Alhaji, Adamu Muhammad Sabo, Azizatu Aliyu, Batulu Ibrahim, Fatima Balarabe
The emergence of terrorist attacks, violent crimes, abuse, and personal assaults by Boko-Haram in Nigeria have resulted to the displacement of many to internally displaced (IDPs) camps. Many people lost their properties, loved ones, jobs, homes, and farmland, girls and women were raped. These problems predisposed them to psychological traumas that needs serious interventions. On this premise, this study aimed to assess the prevalence of PTSD, and coping strategies among internally displaced persons at IDPS camp in Maiduguri, Borno State, Nigeria. Descriptive cross-sectional design of mixed method was used in the study and the population of the study covers all registered IDPs lives in IDPs camps in Maiduguri metropolis, Borno state. Multistage sampling procedure was adopted and a sample of 500 participants were used for the study. Questionnaire and PTSD checklist civilian version was used as instrument for data collection. Data collected were analyzed using frequency counts, percentage and mean score. The result of the findings shows that more than half of the respondents 260 (59.5%) have severe symptoms of PTSD, and the coping (2.2) strategies was poor below the benchmark of 2.5 mean score. The study concludes that there is significant prevalence of post-traumatic stress disorder among internally displaced persons (IDPs), with poor coping strategies. It was recommended among others that measures should be put in place by government, non-governmental agencies and stakeholders involved to include mental health intervention in the rehabilitation of victims of insurgency who show sone or more symptoms of PTSD.
Bal Krishna Changubhari, Beena Prajapati, Peng Xu
Background: Cervical curvature plays a key role in supporting the head and enabling neck movements. Its alteration is linked to neck pain and musculoskeletal disorders. Sleep-related factors can influence cervical alignment, yet their effects remain underexplored. This study investigates the association of sleep factors with cervical curvature to inform preventive strategies and clinical guidance. Objective: To assess the association between sleep factors like sleeping position, duration, and pillow height with cervical curvature among the adults undergoing cervical spine MRI. Methods: This study was hospital based and cross-sectional. It was conducted among 610 adults. The participants were of 30-59 years age. They were attending a tertiary care Chinese hospital for cervical spine MRI. A validated literature based questionnaire was used to collect the data related to sleep factors, socio-demographic, ergonomic, and lifestyle variables. Cervical curvature was evaluated using MRI-based Cobb angle measurement from cervical spine C2-C7. Cervical spine curvature was classified based on the Cobb angle a ‘lordotic’ type if the angle was between >7° and <20°, as “normal”, and a ‘straight’ type if it is between > -7° and <7°, and a ‘kyphotic’ type if it is -7° or less, both combined as “abnormal”. Multivariable logistic regression was performed to estimate adjusted odds ratios (aORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Most of the participants exhibited normal curvature (62%). Female participants had significantly higher odds of abnormal cervical curvature compared to males (adjusted OR = 2.9, 95% CI: 2.0-4.2, p < 0.001), after adjusting for other covariates. Participants with abnormal sleep duration had higher odds of abnormal curvature compared to those with normal sleep (adjusted OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 0.9-1.9, p = 0.05) after adjusting. Conclusion: Cervical curvature is independently associated with sleep duration but not sleep position and pillow height. Maintaining normal sleep duration may represent modifiable strategies to support long-term cervical spine health. Longitudinal studies are required to establish causality.
Abdulaziz Hadi Ibrahim, Abubakar Baguda Sulaiman, Adebayo Adebisi Sunday, Junaidu Sarki, Shamsudeen Nasiru Shehu, Zubairu Umar
Background: Children and adolescents with intellectual disability face significant malnutrition risks stemming from feeding challenges, inadequate caregiving, and profound socioeconomic disadvantage. While much has been written about the emerging obesity epidemic, the persistent underweight crisis in resource-constrained regions like Northwest Nigeria remains largely undocumented. Methods: We examined 87 participants aged 6-18 years with confirmed intellectual disability (IQ < 70 via Raven's Progressive Matrices) at Abdulrashid Adisa Raji Special School in Sokoto State. We collected detailed anthropometric data, calculated BMI using WHO standards, and gathered comprehensive socio-demographic information including parental education, employment status, family structure, and socioeconomic classification. Our analysis employed chi-square tests, Fisher's exact test, and logistic regression modeling. Results: More than half our participants 58.6% were severely underweight, while only one-third maintained normal BMI. Overweight and obesity were surprisingly rare, affecting just 5.7% and 3.4% respectively. Female participants showed significantly higher mean BMI than males (20.13 ± 4.41 vs 18.84 ± 3.01 kg/m²; p = 0.021). The most striking finding emerged from our multivariate analysis: paternal unemployment increased the likelihood of underweight by more than twenty-fold (adjusted OR = 21.64; 95% CI: 1.22-384.37; p = 0.036). Conclusions: This study reveals a hidden malnutrition crisis where nearly six out of ten children with intellectual disability in Sokoto struggle with severe underweight. The overwhelming influence of paternal employment status exposes the vulnerabilities inherent in northern Nigeria's patriarchal economic system, where families depend almost entirely on fathers' earnings for basic nutrition. These findings demand immediate action through targeted school nutrition programs, conditional cash assistance, and employment support initiatives.
Abubakar Umar, Ibrahim Ashafura Musa, Kabir MY
Anthropometric indicators such as stunting, wasting, and underweight are the primary tools for diagnosing childhood malnutrition in resource-limited settings. However, the extent to which these visible signs reflect underlying biochemical derangements remains inadequately characterized. This study aimed to examine the associations between anthropometric indicators of malnutrition and key nutritional biomarkers among under-five children in Sokoto State, Nigeria. A facility-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 150 mother-child pairs attending Primary Health Centers. Anthropometric measurements (weight, height/length, MUAC) were collected and used to classify children by nutritional status (stunting, wasting, underweight). Venous blood samples were analyzed for Prealbumin, C-Reactive Protein (CRP), Serum Retinol (Vitamin A), Hemoglobin, Serum Albumin, and Serum Zinc. Statistical analyses included independent t-tests, Pearson's correlation, chi-square tests for trend, and binary logistic regression. Children classified as malnourished by MUAC (<12.5 cm) had significantly worse biomarker profiles than their well-nourished counterparts (p < 0.001 for all biomarkers). A strong, dose-response relationship was observed: the prevalence of vitamin A deficiency increased from 72.3% in normal children to 95.1% in MAM and 100% in SAM; zinc deficiency from 38.3% to 78.7% to 95.2%; and anemia from 46.8% to 85.2% to 97.6%. MUAC showed the strongest correlations with biomarkers (r = 0.56-0.71, p < 0.01). Critically, 72.3% of anthropometrically "normal" children had vitamin A deficiency, and 38.3% had three or more concurrent deficiencies. Logistic regression revealed that children with SAM had 18-43 times higher odds of biochemical deficiencies compared to normal children. Anthropometric status is strongly associated with biochemical depletion, supporting the use of MUAC for identifying children at highest risk. However, the high burden of "hidden hunger" among anthropometrically normal children reveals a critical limitation of sole reliance on anthropometry. These findings argue for integrated assessment approaches and multi-micronutrient interventions to address the full spectrum of malnutrition, from visible wasting to invisible biochemical deficiencies.
Ajayi, Felix Oluwafemi, Amos, Favour Chiamaka, Aremu, Saad Bolakale, Erubu, Saad Ayodeji, Makanjuola, Alfred Banuso
Background A wide range of side effects have been reported since the discovery of antipsychotics, amongst which are the extrapyramidal side effects that occur as a result of excessive blockade of D2 receptors in the brain. Parkinsonism resulting from use of antipsychotics or other psychotropic medications characteristically presents with rigidity, bradykinesia and tremors, and this has significantly added to the burden of illness in patients and worsened burden of care in caregivers. Case presentation We present the case of a 29year old man who was previously managed with first generation antipsychotics for a psychotic disorder at a peripheral centre but left on high dose of the medication after remission. He presented at our facility with severe features of drug-induced parkinsonism without symptoms of psychosis. He was managed on admission for four weeks and only became free of features of parkinsonism after six weeks of treatment with anticholinergic medication. Conclusion Asides from the burden of primary illness, antipsychotic-induced parkinsonism causes additional distress and impairment to patients as it was with the reported case. However, adequate anticipation and management of attendant EPSE is very crucial in reducing this additional morbidity and burden associated with managing patients with neuro-psychiatric disorders.
Darlene Faye T. Carsola, Michelle Mabel A. Bagtaso
Philippines dedicated to protecting lives and properties from fire and related emergencies. This study evaluates the operational effectiveness and efficiency of the BFP in the Fifth District of Pangasinan in managing fire-related incidents. It also identifies critical challenges that affect the station’s response capabilities. A mixed-method approach was used in the research, revealing that firefighting resources and responses are varied some are serviceable, others unserviceable or unavailable. The study recommends prioritizing the restoration and upgrading of unserviceable resources to improve readiness during emergencies. Findings show a very satisfactory level of fire response, highlighting the commitment and dedication of the personnel in the Fifth District. Despite this, efficiency is hindered by several issues including limited personnel, delayed reporting and poor communication, traffic and narrow roads, insufficient rescue equipment, budget constraints, and weak community participation. Addressing these challenges requires a strategic approach enhancing recruitment and training, upgrading equipment, improving communication systems, coordinating with local authorities for traffic solutions, and promoting active community engagement. These measures aim to strengthen the overall firefighting capacity and ensure timely and effective emergency response across the district.
Nikki G. Trinidad
Background of the Study Criminology or Criminal Justice Education is a four-year degree program designed to prepare individuals for careers in law enforcement, criminal investigation, corrections, forensic science, and other related fields within the criminal justice system. The program aims to develop professional competence, leadership, integrity, accountability, and a strong commitment to public service. Through a combination of general education courses, professional subjects, and practicum training mandated by the Commission on Higher Education (CHED), students acquire knowledge of criminal behavior, law enforcement policies, investigative procedures, and crime prevention strategies (Pacatang, 2016).
C. Keerthana, Devi. K, Dr. Suja Suresh
Renal pelviectasis is characterized by dilatation of the renal pelvis and is commonly identified during antenatal screening or in the neonatal period. Although most cases are benign and resolve spontaneously, renal pelviectasis may sometimes indicate underlying urinary tract abnormalities such as ureteropelvic junction obstruction or vesicoureteral reflux. Early diagnosis, appropriate investigation, and continuous follow-up are essential to prevent long-term renal complications. This case report describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and conservative management of a neonate diagnosed with renal pelviectasis.
C. Keerthana, Devi. K, Dr. Suja Suresh
Renal pelviectasis is characterized by dilatation of the renal pelvis and is commonly identified during antenatal screening or in the neonatal period. Although most cases are benign and resolve spontaneously, renal pelviectasis may sometimes indicate underlying urinary tract abnormalities such as ureteropelvic junction obstruction or vesicoureteral reflux. Early diagnosis, appropriate investigation, and continuous follow-up are essential to prevent long-term renal complications. This case report describes the clinical presentation, diagnostic evaluation, and conservative management of a neonate diagnosed with renal pelviectasis
Amos Mureithi Njeru
Background: The clinical profile of patients is crucial in emergency departments to determine their severity and the urgency of their condition. Globally, early ED mortality is driven by non-communicable diseases, trauma, and cardiovascular disorders, often worsened by comorbidities and delayed care. Kenya’s emergency department (ED) mortality rate is estimated to be 10-15%, with 1.9% of deaths within 72 hours.
Dr Gowrishankar Potturi, Dr Navita Gupta, Mohit Gulati
Background: This study emphasises the development of connections between various sites of Myofascial Trigger Points (MTrPs) in sports personnel. MTrPs are major contributors that can negatively impact an individual's performance. Sportspersons who engage in rigorous training are more susceptible to developing MTrPs, which can subsequently hinder their performance. Despite increasing research in this area, there remains limited synthesis focusing specifically on their distribution and management in athletic populations. Objective: The aim of this research was to systematically review the literature on the prevalence, distribution and treatment approaches of MTrPs in sportspersons. Methods: A comprehensive systematic search of the MEDLINE, PubMed and ResearchGate databases was conducted for the studies published between 2002 to 2023. To locate relevant studies, MeSH keywords such as "Myofascial Trigger Points," "Myofascial Pain Syndrome," "athletes," "players," and "sportsperson" were used in various sets of combinations. A total of 204 sport-related articles retrieved, of which only 28 met the predefined inclusion criteria and were included in this review. Results: Studies involving athletes with MTrPs across various sports disciplines were included and analysed descriptively. The majority of research on MTrPs associated with athletes focused on the gastrocnemius (17%), followed by the upper trapezius (13%), and various shoulder joint and scapular muscle groups. Many researchers examined the infraspinatus (10%), while the rotator cuff as a whole was the focus in 8.6% of studies. A majority of studies focused on overhead and lower limb dominant sports, with dry needling being the most frequently investigated intervention. However, substantial heterogeneity was observed across studies in terms of sports type, athlete level and intervention protocols. Additionally, many studies demonstrated methodological limitations, including small sample sizes and limited reporting of randomisation and blinding procedures. Conclusion: MTrPs are prevalent in key muscle groups relevant to athletic performance; however, current evidence is limited by methodological variability and heterogeneity among studies. There is a need for high-quality, standardised research with larger sample sizes and more diverse athletic populations to strengthen the evidence base and improve clinical applicability in sports rehabilitation. Existing studies often concentrate on individual muscles, specific injuries, or particular movements, highlighting the need for a more comprehensive approach to fully understand the impact of MTrPs on athletic performance across different sports and skill levels.
Michelle Mabel A Bagtaso, Ph. D, Ryan E Ponce
Crime remains a major concern among Filipinos, particularly in urbanized areas where population density, economic activity, and mobility increase opportunities for criminal behavior. Over the years, fluctuations in crime rates have posed challenges to law enforcement agencies in maintaining peace and order. Despite the implementation of various crime control measures, the persistence of both index and non-index crimes suggests that enforcement alone is insufficient. As emphasized by Albos and Tizon (2021), crime prevention must adopt a more community-oriented and preventive approach, highlighting the importance of strategies such as neighborhood watch programs, barangay patrols, public awareness campaigns, and strengthened police community partnerships. In the Philippine context, crime is defined as an act or omission punishable by law under the Revised Penal Code of the Philippines (Republic Act No. 3815), which provides the legal framework for defining criminal offenses and corresponding penalties (Navarro, 2010; Robles, 2015). Crimes are generally classified into index and non-index categories. Index crimes include serious offenses such as murder, homicide, rape, robbery, theft, and physical injuries, while non-index crimes refer to violations of special laws, including drug-related offenses and local ordinance violations. This classification allows law enforcement agencies to develop targeted and strategic approaches to crime prevention and control. Globally, crime patterns vary depending on socio-economic conditions, level of development, and institutional capacity. In developed countries, the use of advanced technologies such as surveillance systems, data analytics, and predictive policing has contributed to the reduction of certain traditional crimes. However, emerging forms of criminality, including cybercrime and drug-related offenses, continue to pose challenges. In developing countries, rapid urbanization, poverty, unemployment, and weak institutional structures create conditions that allow both index and non-index crimes to persist (UNODC, 2023; World Bank, 2022).
Collins Kipkemoi
Hypertension is one of the non-communicable diseases that is on the rise, also referred to as a 'silent' chronic killer. It is defined as a systemic blood pressure of more than 140mmHg systolic and more than 90mmHg diastolic. Education level and accessibility to health care are vital risk factors that have a direct impact on hypertension. Awareness enables an individual to diminish the myths and misconceptions about hypertension, which include the use of herbal medications for hypertension. This review sought to evaluate the effects of healthcare access and education as risk factors for hypertension among male patients aged 35-70 who attend government health centers in Kenya. Primary studies were reviewed using four databases (PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct). This was done systematically by employing the illustration by Arksey, O'Malley, and Levac. The scoping review adopted a broad literature search that allowed the transparency, reproducibility, and a state of reliable literature. A narrative synthesis was used to describe the included studies and results. Eleven primary studies were found to be eligible for this review. These articles met all the inclusion criteria. The studies were obtained from Western (n=3), Nairobi (n=2), Rift Valley (n=2), Coastal (n=1), Central (n=1), Eastern (n=0), North Eastern (n=0), and all regions (n=2). The studies' results picked out pertinent factors. Group medical visits are lower in both males and females, which influences disability-adjusted life years (DALYs). Screening also came out as another very significant reason for hypertension; impaired screening results in delayed diagnosis of hypertension. Education has a direct impact on hypertension, i.e., the more educated one is, the lower the chances of becoming hypertensive. For male participants who took the screening positively and were started on treatment, the blood pressure was well controlled, and linkage to the nearby health facilities was done. Awareness about hypertension leads to early detection and, as a result, early initiation of therapy. Linkage to the facilities ensures that the clients are followed up on keenly to avoid late treatment. Encouraging the population to obtain health insurance is essential to making sure that they obtain access to health care.
Chioma Ajator, Chukwuma Obiagwu, Collins Alutu, Ebuka Okolie, Echendu Adinma, Irene Okeke, Moses Ohamaeme, Onyinye Nwazor, Sampson Ita, Somtochukwu Obu
Electronic Medical Records (EMRs) have transformed healthcare by improving documentation, communication, and patient care efficiency. However, challenges such as inadequate training, poor infrastructure, and resistance to adoption continue to hinder their effectiveness, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study assessed the effectiveness of EMRs in improving workflow efficiency and identified barriers to their adoption among healthcare workers at Nnamdi Azikiwe University Teaching Hospital (NAUTH), Nigeria.
Cheick Abou Coulibaly, Fanta Sangho, Hanine Keita, Jiddou Ag Adahla, Lancina Doumbia, Mohamed Ould Bayes, Moulaye Oumar Koutam Zanouni, Oumar Sangho
Malaria is an acute febrile human illness caused by the Plasmodium parasite that is transmitted by the bites of infected female Anopheles mosquitoes. The Taoudenni region, located in the Sahel-Saharan zone, is vulnerable to a malaria outbreak due to its very low transmission levels zone. The objective was to study the epidemiology of malaria in the Taoudenni region, with the aim of optimizing control measures. We conducted a cross-sectional study from August 2021 to July 2022. We analyzed malaria data from 2017 to 2020 from this region and carried out a census of all malaria cases. The data were analyzed with SPSS version 18. Proportions were compared with Pearson's Chi2 test or Fisher's Exact test or the Z test of the centered normal distribution reduced to the significance threshold p=0.05. In total, 10,084 patients were identified, including 4,202 confirmed cases of malaria. The sex ratio was 1.07 in favor of the female sex. The overall proportion of malaria was 41.67% (4,202/10,084) among suspected cases. Those aged over 15 had the highest proportion of confirmation with 47.65% followed by those aged 5-14 with 41.08%. Malaria was simple in 91.2% of cases and serious in 8.8% of cases. Peak incidences were mainly observed between September and October. The trend was upward; the highest annual incidence was observed in 2020 and the lowest in 2017 with respectively 82 cases per 10,000 inhabitants compared to 21 cases per 10,000 inhabitants. From 2017 to 2020, an upward trend in malaria cases was observed in the Taoudenni region. A study integrating rainfall data could be considered to better explain the observed trends.
Afunwa Emmanuel C., Greg Wale Williams, Omobitan Olumide
Introduction: Pharmaceutical advertising plays a critical role in shaping medicine use, prescribing behaviour, and public perceptions of health. While ethical promotion can support informed decision-making and rational medicine use, inappropriate or misleading advertising poses significant risks to patient safety and public health, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This narrative review examines the ethical dimensions, media practices, and regulatory oversight of pharmaceutical advertising in Nigeria, with a focus on implications for public health and policy. Methods: A comprehensive review of peer-reviewed literature, regulatory instruments, policy documents, and grey literature were conducted to synthesise evidence on ethical standards governing pharmaceutical promotion, dominant advertising strategies across traditional and digital media, and the effectiveness of existing regulatory frameworks. International ethical benchmarks, including World Health Organization and International Pharmaceutical Federation guidance, were used to assess Nigerian practices within a global context. Key Findings/Discussion: The review finds persistent ethical challenges in pharmaceutical advertising in Nigeria, including exaggerated therapeutic claims, inadequate risk disclosure, exploitation of consumer vulnerability, and increasing use of digital and influencer-driven marketing with limited regulatory oversight. Although Nigeria has a multi-agency regulatory architecture involving NAFDAC, the Advertising Regulatory Council of Nigeria, and the Pharmacy Council of Nigeria, institutional overlaps, enforcement gaps, and limited capacity, particularly in digital media monitoring undermine effective governance. These challenges contribute to irrational medicine use, self-medication, antimicrobial misuse, and erosion of public trust. Conclusion: The review highlights the need for stronger inter-agency coordination, clearer regulatory mandates, enhanced digital surveillance mechanisms, professional training, and public media literacy. Strengthening ethical pharmaceutical advertising is essential to safeguarding public health, promoting rational medicine use, and advancing medicines governance in Nigeria and comparable LMIC settings.
Fernandez, Kyla D., Piang, Baihanie P., Precy Padilla, Ed.D, RN, MAN, Reyes, Grae Martha Frances D., Tutaan, Mary Ann P.
Aim: This study aimed to assess the level of food security and awareness of Department of Health (DOH) nutritional programs among vulnerable households with children aged 6 months to 5 years in selected barangays in Tondo, Manila, explored how demographic factors, socioeconomic status, nutritional awareness contribute to household food security and child nutrition outcomes, and to propose a nutrition advocacy program in accordance to the DOH Nutritional Programs to address identified gaps. Background: Food insecurity remains a pressing public health issue in the Philippines, especially in poor communities where many families struggle to access healthy and affordable food. Despite existing DOH nutritional Programs, many vulnerable families continue to experience malnutrition and limited access to nutritious food. This study explores the relationship and differences between demographic factors, maternal awareness, and food security of the targeted population. Methods: A descriptive-comparative correlational quantitative research design was used, utilizing a validated survey instrument administered to 100 biological mothers of children six (6) months to five (5) years old. Children’s anthropometric data (age, sex, height, weight, and BMI percentile) were also gathered to determine their nutritional status. Food security was analyzed through four key pillars: availability, accessibility, utilization, and stability. Awareness was measured based on familiarity with key DOH initiatives, such as Pinggang Pinoy, the Expanded Garantisadong Pambata Program, Micronutrient Supplementation, Food Fortification, and the Barangay Nutrition Scholar (BNS) program. Data collected were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics, including frequency distributions, weighted means, ANOVA, and Pearson correlation. Findings: Findings revealed a significant prevalence of food insecurity in low-income households, with many families demonstrating mild to moderate food insecurity, and exhibiting 84% of underweight children. Despite moderate awareness of DOH programs, barriers such as a lack of understanding, lack of access, and poor nutritional practices impede effective engagement. Statistical analysis indicated significant relationships between food security levels and children’s profiles, as well as between mothers' awareness and their demographic characteristics. Awareness of DOH programs was positively associated with better food utilization and nutritional outcomes. Conclusions: Socioeconomic factors significantly impact food security, and while awareness of DOH programs exists, deeper understanding and utilization are limited. There is a need for enhanced community-based education, economic support, and integrated nutrition programs to improve food security and nutritional outcomes in vulnerable populations.
Blessing Ben-Anioke, Chinwe Ejike, Collins Uchechukwu Obi, Ifeoma Joy Onuora, Ijeoma Nnenna Agbiogwu, Ikechukwu Vincent Obi, Ikemba Blessing Amarachukwu, Ogochukwu Chinwe Ugwunna
Breast cancer remains the most frequently diagnosed malignancy and a leading cause of cancer-related mortality among women worldwide. It represents a major global public health concern due to its rising incidence, disease burden, and associated mortality. Breast cancer is not a single disease entity but rather a group of physiologically and molecularly heterogeneous disorders characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of breast epithelial cells. Although considerable progress has been made in early detection and therapeutic interventions, advanced breast cancer with distant metastasis remains largely incurable with currently available treatment modalities. In recent years, research efforts have focused on the identification of reliable biomarkers that can facilitate early diagnosis, improve prognostic evaluation, and enhance monitoring of treatment response. Alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), a glycoprotein typically produced during fetal development, has been proposed as a potential tumor biomarker in several malignancies. However, available literature describing the relationship between AFP levels and breast cancer progression remains limited and inconclusive. Furthermore, there is a notable lack of data examining AFP as a biomarker among breast cancer patients in Nigeria, particularly within Anambra State and Nnewi North. This knowledge gap highlights the need for localized research to determine the clinical relevance of AFP in breast cancer management among Nigerian populations. Objectives: The primary objective of this study was to evaluate serum alpha-fetoprotein levels in patients diagnosed with breast cancer. The specific objectives were to: Determine and compare serum AFP levels between breast cancer patients and apparently healthy female control subjects. Assess the relationship between AFP levels and selected anthropometric parameters among breast cancer patients. Evaluate age-related variations in serum AFP levels among breast cancer patients and control individuals. Establish possible correlations between AFP levels and breast cancer occurrence and progression.
Alice Ngoma Hazemba, Cosmas Zyambo, Maphious Shindanyi Makina, Phoebe Albina Bwembya
Cervical cancer is the most common cancer among women living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) (UNAIDS, 201959). An estimated 604,000 new cases were diagnosed globally, with 342,000 deaths recorded in 2020 (Sung et al., 202169). According to WHO (2020), approximately 6.5% of all female cancers are cervical cancer-related, with 5% of cases attributable to HIV. Zambia ranks second in cervical cancer incidence, with an estimated mortality of 1,839 (WHO, 202056). The current utilization of cervical cancer screening services (CCSS) in Zambia among HIV-positive women stands at 27%, indicating underutilization (UNAIDS, 201959). In Serenje District, only 25.8% of HIV-positive women access these services. This study determined factors associated with the underutilization of CCSS among HIV-positive women in Serenje District. Methods A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted involving 303 HIV-positive women in Serenje District of Central Province, Zambia. Systematic random sampling was used to recruit respondents from selected facilities, and a structured questionnaire was employed for data collection. Statistical Software (STATA V15) was utilized for analysis. Univariate, bivariate, and multivariable logistic regressions were performed to determine associations between variables. Results Utilization of CCSS in Serenje District was low, with only 42.24% of respondents reporting service use. Being far from a healthcare facility [AOR: 0.49 (P<0.036, 95% CI 0.25-0.96)], low/inadequate knowledge [AOR: 0.26 (P<0.001, 95% CI 0.13-0.54)], low income [AOR: 0.16 (P<0.001, 95% CI 0.06-0.37)], and negative attitudes towards CCSS [AOR: 0.26 (P<0.001, 95% CI 0.12-0.53)] were significant contributors to reduced utilization. Conclusion Low knowledge, poor attitudes, far distances to healthcare facilities, and poor socioeconomic status were identified as key factors contributing to the underutilization of CCSS. It is recommended that the district design and implement awareness campaign on cervical cancer screening services, engage in outreach awareness campaigns, and conducts screening camps to bring these services closer to the communities.
Jana Faye P. Madriaga, Michelle Mabel A. Bagtaso
This study employed a qualitative descriptive phenomenological research design to examine the lived experiences of criminology graduates who successfully passed the Board Licensure Examination for Criminologists (BLEC) at the Polytechnic College of La Union (PCLU) in Agoo, La Union. The research aimed to explore the factors that influenced their preparation and performance, including academic support, family influence, review center experiences, personal discipline, psychological readiness, and financial conditions. Twenty-eight (28) BLEC passers from 2023 to 2024 were selected through purposive sampling and participated in in-depth, semi-structured interviews. Data were audio-recorded with consent, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed using thematic analysis. The findings revealed that a strong academic foundation and faculty support, family encouragement and financial assistance, structured and effective review center programs, disciplined study habits, and stress management strategies significantly contributed to examination success. However, participants also reported challenges such as difficulty in mastering technical subjects, anxiety and emotional pressure, financial constraints, limited mentorship, health-related concerns, and time management issues due to work and family responsibilities. The study concludes that BLEC success is influenced by a combination of academic preparedness, psychological resilience, institutional support, and socio-economic stability. Based on these findings, a proposed intervention program was developed to strengthen academic mentoring, enhance stress management initiatives, improve access to review resources, and promote structured peer and faculty support systems. The results of this study may serve as a basis for institutional improvements aimed at increasing licensure examination performance among future criminology graduates.
Carlson R. Feranil, Jeffrey A. Lucero
Vaccine hesitancy remains a persistent public health challenge in the Philippines, particularly in the CALABARZON region, where sociocultural and faith-based influences significantly shape health behaviors. This study examined the role of faith-based factors in influencing vaccine trust and hesitancy among caregivers, with the aim of informing strategies for integrating parish engagement into the National Immunization Program. Utilizing a cross-sectional descriptive-correlational design, data were collected from caregivers in selected parishes in one of the provinces in the CALABARZON region through a structured questionnaire assessing vaccine knowledge, trust, religious beliefs, and sources of health information. Findings revealed that while general awareness of routine childhood vaccines was moderate to high, vaccine hesitancy persisted due to concerns about safety, misinformation, and perceived moral or spiritual implications. Faith-based influences emerged as both facilitators and barriers: trust in religious leaders and church-endorsed messages significantly increased vaccine confidence, whereas certain religious misconceptions contributed to hesitancy. Statistical analysis demonstrated a significant relationship between level of parish engagement, trust in church leadership, and willingness to vaccinate. The study concludes that faith-based institutions play a critical role in shaping vaccine attitudes and can be leveraged as strategic partners in immunization campaigns.
Anas Yau, Asiya Imam Umar, Balkisu Mainasara Mikailu, Hafsat Malami Dogondaji, Hassan Sani, Muhammad Bello Tambari, Yazid Muhammad Bukkuyum
Fumonisins are mycotoxins produced primarily by Fusarium species that frequently contaminate maize and other cereal crops, posing significant food safety and public health concerns worldwide. Chronic exposure to fumonisins, particularly fumonisin B₁ (FB₁), has been associated with adverse human health outcomes, including disruption of sphingolipid metabolism, oxidative stress, immunotoxicity, neural tube defects, and increased risk of oesophageal cancer in high-exposure populations. This review synthesizes scientific knowledge on the sources, global occurrence, and epidemiology of fumonisin contamination, highlighting environmental and storage factors that influence toxin production. The key molecular mechanisms of fumonisin toxicity, especially inhibition of ceramide synthase and consequent alterations in membrane lipid homeostasis, are discussed alongside evidence from epidemiological and experimental studies. Advances in fumonisin detection methods and international regulatory guidelines established by WHO and EFSA are also reviewed. The paper emphasizes the need for continued surveillance, improved food safety practices, and effective mitigation strategies, particularly in regions where maize-based diets predominate.
Ziyad Hazim Ibrahim
Introduction: Genital warts “caused by Human Papilloma Virus (HPV)” represent a common public sexually transmitted infection with notable psychosocial and public health considerations. Those infections are considered as important causes for both the genital warts and cervical cancers in the female population, however recent studies have demonstrated their role in the anogenital warts and malignancies in men also. Transmission of those infections can be effectively prevented with vaccination; however it is not yet part of the Essential Programme of Immunization (EPI) in Iraq. Understanding the characteristics of patients with genital warts could offer insights into disease patterns, delays in care (and its possible public health sequences), and the need for probable targeted public health interventions. Aim: To describe the demographic and clinical characteristics of male patients with genital warts and their possible public health implications. Methods: A descriptive cross- sectional study conducted on data of male patients attending a dermatology clinic in Baghdad/ Rusafa from Jan.2024 to Jun.2025 and diagnosed clinically with genital warts. Data included age, marital status, number of lesions, the duration of infection, and history of seeking health care. Analysis was performed by SPSS, applying chi-square test with a significance level ≤0.05 for the qualitative values, while means and other statistics were used for quantitative ones. Results: The study included 47 male patients aged between 22 to 53 years (mean age: 35.9), the age groups 26-35 and 36-45 years accounted for 46.8% and 27.7% respectively. Among all patients, 63.9% were unmarried. Multiple genital wart lesions were present in 59.6% of cases, and 74.5% did not receive or seek a prior health care or treatment. Infection duration was less than six months in 55.3% of patients. There was a significant association between infection duration and both the presence of multiple lesions and a previous history of seeking health care, with a p-value of < 0.001 for both variables. Conclusions: (1.) About three- quarters of patients were 26-45 years old, about two- thirds of them were not married, and most of them presented with multiple untreated lesions, this is highlighting the need to prioritize this age group in any future public preventive health strategies. (2.) Most patients did not seek a previous health care or treatment, indicating possible delayed diagnosis and limited prior medical intervention which could lead to further public wide transmission for both sexes in the community. (3.) The duration of infection was significantly associated with both the number of lesions and prior health care seeking, in which the longer duration was linked to clinical progression (multiple lesions) and to previous attempts at seeking medical care which appeared to be ineffective in resolving the condition. Recommendations: (1.) Introduce HPV vaccination into Iraqi EPI (initially could be targeting adolescent females) to reduce the community transmission of HPV and its public health consequences, and to decrease the incidence of genital warts and their complications in both sexes. (2.) Raise public awareness about HPV transmission, symptoms, and preventive strategies, particularly among men in their 20s to 40s, with integration of HPV- related services in routine sexual health care and public health programmes. (3.) Encourage early medical consultation for genital lesions to reduce the duration of untreated infection and the risk of public transmission among both sexes.
Gyar S. D., Ngwai Y. B, Tubi, A. O.
In light of the escalating issue of tuberculosis resistance, it is imperative to consistently evaluate and examine therapeutic strategies. This study focus on genotypic and phenotypic detection of multidrug-resistant Mycobacterium tuberculosis among HIV patients attending tuberculosis reference centres in Northwest, Nigeria. A total of 503 sputum samples were collected aseptically among three referral facilities in Northwest using random sampling method. Molecular drug susceptibility testing was performed using Geno Type® MTBD Rplus assay. The overall prevalence was 4.3 %. The highest prevalence in relation to state was observed from Katsina (22.2 %) and the lowest was from Sokoto (3.6 %). The highest prevalence was observed among male patients (4.8%) while the female patients (3.4%). Age 66-70 yrs recorded the highest prevalence (100 %) and the lowest was 36-40 yrs and 41-45yrs (4.4 %). The highest resistance patterns were isolates from Kebbi were resistance to INH+ RIF+ FLQ (50.0 %) and the lowest was from Kaduna INH+ AMG (20.0 %). Routine TB testing among HIV patients must be improved to guide co-management
Olu Akande
Mental health conditions such as depression, anxiety, and PTSD are prevalent among home care patients and significantly impact quality of life. This Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) project aims to assess the impact of structured education on stress reduction techniques such as mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR), progressive muscle relaxation, cognitive reframing, and guided breathing on PHQ-9 and GAD-7 scores. A selected registered nurse at Home Healthcare Organization provided targeted education to eligible patients, using a teach-back method to ensure comprehension. PHQ-9 and GAD-7 assessments administered before and two weeks after the intervention. Data analyzed to determine if stress reduction education positively affects mental health outcomes. The goal is to demonstrate the efficacy of practical, evidence-based stress management techniques in home care, leading to measurable reductions in depression and anxiety symptoms.
Cyprian Muchemwa, David Makwerere, Emmaculate Tsitsi Ngwerume
The COVID-19 pandemic which started in China spread into the Southern African region when South Africa recorded its first case in March 2020. By mid-2023, when the pandemic finally subsided, the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region had become the most affected region in Africa after recording more than 4,5 million infections and more than 100,000 deaths. Focusing on the SADC region’s two countries, this paper examines how lack of decent health facilities worsened the plight of less privileged citizens in the face of the deadly virus. The challenges faced by the less privileged and the impact of the pandemic demonstrated that it was not only the virus that killed people, but lack of access, poverty and inequalities. The paper further argues that the COVID-19 pandemic served as an exposé of several decades of policy misalignment, which conflates state security and human security. The paper posits that the COVID-19 pandemic should serve as a wake-up call not just at the national, regional, and global levels, but also to realign thinking and policy in line with the reality that non-military threats now pose more harm than ever before in the history of humanity.
Ravinder Singh
This study is situated in Development Economics with strong links to Health Economics, evaluating whether a poverty-targeted public policy in India improved household welfare through cleaner energy adoption and child health outcomes. The research evolved from a broad inquiry into whether the Pradhan Mantri Ujjwala Yojana (PMUY), India's large-scale LPG subsidy program launched in 2016, reduced child Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) prevalence and increased household clean fuel use, to a more focused examination of whether states with higher implementation intensity experienced greater improvements. Using a state-level panel from NFHS-4 (2015–16) and NFHS-5 (2019–21), the study applies a Difference-in-Differences framework with state fixed effects and time-varying controls. PMUY exposure is measured using binary high-versus-low implementation indicators and continuous intensity variables. Findings suggest higher PMUY intensity is associated with modest additional declines in child ARI prevalence in binary specifications, though this effect is statistically fragile and not robust in continuous models. Clean fuel adoption rose substantially across states, but PMUY intensity variation explains only a limited share of this increase. Results indicate that while PMUY may have contributed to limited health gains, connection provision alone is insufficient without sustained, affordable LPG use.
Antonio Roberto Ferreira Setton, Carlos Rodolfo Tavares de Gois, Daniel Vasconcelos D’Avila, Davi Vasconcelos D’Avila, Ac, Jeferson Sampaio D’Avila, Lauro Roberto de Azevedo Setton, Paulo Sérgio Lins Perazzo
Background: Vocal fold leukoplakia is the most prevalent premalignant lesion of the larynx and presents heterogeneous biological behavior. Objective: To clinically present surgically treated vocal fold leukoplakia and evaluate the impact of transoperative rigid endoscopy on diagnosis and treatment. Methods: A transversal 30-year comparative study with and without rigid endoscopy was conducted. Results: Rigid endoscopy significantly improved intraoperative diagnostic accuracy and lesion detection. Conclusion: Rigid endoscopy is an indispensable tool for microsurgical treatment of vocal fold leukoplakia.
Anyiam Kennedy Ekenedirichukwu, Elemuo, Michelle Chidimma, Elemuo,Chukwuebuka Stanley, Nwakanma, Agnes Akudo, Okeke, Jennifer Chioma, Osiagor, Henry Chibueze
Mercury chloride is a toxicant that induces hepatotoxicity via oxidative stress, inflammation, and hepatocellular injury. This study evaluated the hepatoprotective potential of Tetracarpidium conophorum extract in male Wistar rats exposed to mercury chloride, alongside in-silico molecular docking of its bioactive compounds. Mercury-exposed rats (Group B) exhibited significant elevations in AST (145.6 ± 6.2 U/L), ALT (132.4 ± 5.7 U/L), and ALP (212.8 ± 9.1 U/L) compared to controls (AST 42.3 ± 2.8 U/L; ALT 39.7 ± 3.1 U/L; ALP 98.4 ± 4.5 U/L). Treatment with Tetracarpidium extract at low (100 mg/kg), medium (200 mg/kg), and high doses (400 mg/kg) significantly reduced enzyme levels in a dose-dependent manner, with the highest dose restoring values near control levels. Histopathology confirmed severe hepatic necrosis and congestion in mercury-only rats, while extract-treated groups showed progressive recovery, with near-normal hepatocyte arrangement at the highest dose. Mercury-induced weight loss was also mitigated by extract treatment. Molecular docking revealed strong binding of key bioactive compounds: Dicyclohexyl benzene-1,2-dicarboxylate with Metallothionein-1 (-4.4 kcal/mol), [2-(2-benzoylphenyl)-4-(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenyl]-[4-(1-hydroxycyclohexyl)phenyl]methanone with Metallothionein-2 (-6.1 kcal/mol) and inflammatory mediator 5IKR (-9.7 kcal/mol), 1,2-dimethyl-1-propan-2-ylcyclopentane;1,3-dimethyl-1-propan-2-ylcyclopentane with apoptosis regulator 1F16 (-7.7 kcal/mol), and 7-chloro-10-hydroxy-1-(2-pyrrolidin-1-ylethylimino)-3-[3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3,4-dihydro-2H-acridin-9-one with GST 1GRE (-9.4 kcal/mol) and oxidative stress 3E7G (-12.6 kcal/mol). Amino acid interactions and ADMET analysis supported favorable pharmacokinetics and safety. Collectively, Tetracarpidium conophorum exhibits hepatoprotective effects via antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and molecular target-mediated mechanisms, warranting further development as a natural hepatoprotective agent.
Md. Ariful Anwar Khan
Human protozoan infections constitute the largest segment of public health concern across the Indian sub-continent including Bangladesh. An MS research project investigated 6155 pathological reports of human blood/stool/urine screening tests at seven diagnostic centers and /or the Chittagong Medical College Microbiological Laboratory (CMCML). All microscopy confirmed infections were recorded every other day of the week at the selected diagnostic centers along with cross examination of selected samples, especially the thick and thin blood films for malaria-positive slides in CMCML. The accuracy and authenticity of the findings and diagnoses were verified through on-site visits during the days of data collection. The primary data spanned January, 2006 through June, 2006, and revealed a total of 307 positive cases of malaria, leishmaniasis, giardiasis, entamoebiasis, and trichomoniasis in blood, blood serum, stool, and urine samples of the patients suspected of the diseases. The total incidence, TPR accounted 4.99%. Entamoeba histolytica was prevalent in February. Giardia intestinalis was prevalent in 11–20 year old people while Trichomonas vaginalis was prevalent among females in May. Other infections were not linked demographically or temporally. Estimating infection incidence and the use of the chi-squared test for understanding their associations with various host and parasitic factors helped revealed the underlying severity of the infection burden and associated risk factors as well.
Jeanette Owusu, Oheneba Kofi Nti, Peter Agyekum Boateng, Racheal Amoah
School health and physical activity policies are increasingly recognised as important tools for improving pupil wellbeing, health behaviour, and school environments. Yet policy presence alone does not guarantee meaningful outcomes, because effectiveness depends on how policies are interpreted, organised, and implemented in practice. This narrative literature review examined how institutional leadership influences school health policy implementation in Ghanaian basic schools and identified common implementation gaps in school health and physical activity policy. Relevant peer reviewed studies published mainly between 2021 and 2026 were identified through database searching and thematic synthesis. The review found that policy effectiveness depends strongly on leadership capacity, organisational readiness, staff engagement, intersectoral coordination, and routine monitoring. The literature also shows that implementation is often weakened by fragmented leadership, inadequate resources, uneven staff commitment, weak accountability, and poor alignment between policy expectations and school realities. In the Ghanaian context, policy implementation challenges appear to be shaped not only by funding and infrastructure gaps, but also by governance, communication, and coordination problems across schools and support structures. The review contributes to scholarship by bringing together literature on school leadership, school health policy, and physical activity policy implementation within one framework. It argues that institutional leadership is central to translating written policy into sustainable practice in Ghanaian basic schools.
Adaeze Chidinma Oreh, Igeny Phillip Uku, Pearl Iyaye Daibi Abereton, Siyeofori Belema Dede
Background and aim: Primary eye care (PEC) is a vital component of comprehensive eye care that focuses on the prevention and control of ocular morbidities through health promotion and education activities as well as the provision of services to address these morbidities. Ocular diseases however, are still experienced as a result of various factors including having poor knowledge of these morbidities. This study was thus aimed at assessing the knowledge of PEC services, as well as the experience of ocular morbidities among persons receiving care at Primary Health Care (PHC) facilities in Rivers State. Materials and methods: This study utilized the descriptive cross-sectional study design and was conducted among 356 clients of PHC facilities in Rivers State, Nigeria. Data was collected using interviewer-administered questionnaires to identify their knowledge of PEC services, and ocular morbidities they had ever experienced. Data analysis was done using the Microsoft Excel spreadsheet and was presented on tables and charts. Results: Most of the respondents were found to have good knowledge 243 (68.0%) of PEC services, and the common ocular morbidities experienced by them included conjunctivitis 229 (64.3%), red eye 202 (56.7%), eye irritations 194 (54.5%), near vision 154 (43.3%), loss of vision 151 (42.4%), far vision 149 (41.9%), cataracts 140 (39.3%) and so on. Conclusion and recommendation: The knowledge of PEC among most PHC clients was found to be good, and they had also experienced various ocular morbidities. It is necessary that urgent interventions are put in place to tackle the prevailing occurrence of ocular diseases by relevant government ministries and agencies.
Josephine Atta-Nsiah
Anaemia in pregnancy remains a major global public health problem, particularly in low- and middle-income countries such as Ghana, despite iron–folic acid supplementation, routine haemoglobin screening, and malaria control. This study examined knowledge and perceptions of anaemia, dietary practices, and pregnancy-related factors among pregnant women attending antenatal care (ANC) at Kenyasi Hospital in the Asutifi North District, Ghana. A facility-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 258 conveniently sampled pregnant women. Data were collected using a structured interviewer-administered questionnaire on sociodemographics, anaemia knowledge and perceptions, pregnancy-related health conditions, and dietary practices assessed with a 24-hour recall. Data were analysed in STATA version 16, with results presented as frequencies and percentages. Nearly half (46.5%) of respondents had good knowledge of anaemia in pregnancy, but misconceptions about its causes, prevention, and effects were common. Diets were low in iron-rich and micronutrient-dense foods, especially animal-source foods and vitamin C–rich fruits. About 15% reported pregnancy-related conditions such as malaria and persistent vomiting that may increase anaemia risk. The study concludes that although awareness of anaemia was relatively high, major gaps remain in accurate knowledge, diet, and preventive behaviours. Strengthening nutrition education, encouraging early ANC attendance, and improving adherence to iron–folic acid supplementation are crucial to reducing anaemia in pregnancy.
Adamu Alhaji, Adamu M. Sabo, Ado Shehu, Batulu Ibrahim, Dalhatu Umar, Mariya Nasir Danbatta
The study assesses the knowledge and practice of exclusive breastfeeding among mothers attending postnatal clinic at Urban Maternity, Azare, Bauchi State, Nigeria. Exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) is one of the most effective, natural, and evidence-based interventions for promoting infant health, growth, and survival. The study sought to assess the level of mothers’ knowledge on EBF, ascertain the extent of its practice, and identify factors influencing adherence among postnatal women in the study area. Descriptive survey was adopted, the target population for the study comprises of all postnatal mothers attending Urban Maternity, Azare, and were 80. The entire population was used as a sample because the population is not large to handle, the instrument used for data collection was structured questionnaire. The instrument used was structured questionnaire developed by the researcher. The validity of the instrument was done by the two experts and errors were corrected. Test and retest were done for the reliability and the score of 0.76 was obtained. The obtained data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and presented in frequency distribution table with percentage. The sociodemographic characteristics of the respondents revealed that majority (96.2%) of the respondents had heard of exclusive breastfeeding, and 89.7% correctly knew that it should be practiced exclusively for the first six months of life. Furthermore, 92.3% of mothers recognized the importance of colostrum and its protective benefits for newborns. However, only 51.3% practiced exclusive breastfeeding for the full recommended six months, indicating a gap between knowledge and actual practice. The study also identified key barriers such as workload (64.1%), cultural beliefs (61.5%), and financial constraints (66.7%) as major hindrances to consistent practice. On the other hand, family support (76.9%) and health education received from healthcare workers (79.5%) were major facilitators of adherence. The study concluded that breastfeeding mothers at Urban Maternity, Azare, possessed adequate knowledge about exclusive breastfeeding, the practice was not fully sustained due to socio-economic and cultural challenges. It is recommended that nurses and midwives should intensify breastfeeding education during antenatal, postnatal, and home visits. Government agencies and policymakers should promote awareness campaigns, provide incentives for breastfeeding mothers, and ensure the establishment of baby-friendly workplace environments. In conclusion, promoting exclusive breastfeeding requires a collective effort from healthcare professionals, families, employers and policymakers.
Anoche, Samantha Angel L, Benitez, Ma. Yessabelle I, Fong, Jeanne Marielle M, Mr. John Carlo F. Armando, Mr. Rudolph C. Benito, Ms. Kristel Joy C. Dapiawen, Ramiscal, Jazier Joel G, Research Adviser, Research Teacher, Tagami, Glen Paul
As adolescents transition into young adulthood, they become more independent in managing their health and are more likely to use over-the-counter (OTC) drugs for quick relief from minor illnesses, as these medications are convenient and easy to obtain without a prescription. Hence, this study investigates the level of knowledge of Senior High School students at Saint Mary’s University regarding OTC medications and examines its relationship with their self-medication practices. Using a descriptive-comparative-correlational research design, the researchers collected quantitative data through validated questionnaires and qualitative data via open-ended questions from 203 Grade 12 students across different academic strands. Findings revealed that most students possess a moderate level of knowledge about OTC medications, with females scoring significantly higher in knowledge compared to males. Common self-medication practices include checking medication instructions and proper storage, while consulting pharmacists and avoiding sharing medicines were less consistently observed. No significant differences in knowledge or self-medication practices were found based on academic strand, nor was there a significant correlation between knowledge and self-medication practices. Thematic analysis identified financial reasons, convenience, and quick relief as the primary motivators for self-medicating with OTC drugs. The findings underscore the importance of enhancing health education programs that not only improve knowledge but also address attitudes and socio-economic factors influencing responsible self-medication among senior high school students.
Adaeze Chidinma Oreh, Joy Tonye Wihioka, Pearl Iyaye Daibi Abereton, Siyeofori Belema Dede
Background: Primary Eye Care (PEC) services are an integral part of comprehensive eye care involving the provision of quality ocular healthcare services to the populace. This study aims to determine the knowledge, attitude and competency in providing primary eye care (PEC) services among primary health care workers (PHCWs) in Rivers State, Nigeria. Materials: This study utilized a descriptive design, and was conducted among 271 PHCWs in selected Model and Comprehensive PHC facilities located in all 23 Local Government Areas (LGAs) of Rivers State. Responses were elicited from all willing respondents using a self-administered adapted questionnaire. Assessment of the respondents’ attitude and knowledge of PEC services was done using a set of ten and fifteen questions respectively. Competencies in providing PEC services were also elicited. Responses were then collated and analysed on a Microsoft Excel spreadsheet. Results: This study identified that most of the PHCWs had good knowledge 226 (83.4%) and good attitude 239 (88.2%) towards the PEC services provision. PHCWs were of the opinion that they were competent providing some and not all of these services. Services in which they were competent included doing a good eye care health talk 182 (67.2%), how to counsel a patient in need of PEC 179 (66.1%), how to refer a patient 169 (62.4%), how to apply eye ointment 168 (62.0%), how to instill eyedrops 163 (60.1%), screening procedure for near vision 131 (48.3%) as well as for distance vision 130 (48.0%) among others. Conclusion: Most PHCWs were found to have good knowledge and good attitude towards the provision of primary eye care services, however, the workers were competent in providing some of the PEC services. It was recommended that healthcare stakeholders in Rivers State develop and implement in-service training programs targeting the development of these skills for primary healthcare workers in Rivers State.
Iyaji Alex Aduojo, Kor Aseer Dorcas, Maijiddah Saidu Aminu
Preventive healthcare services are a critical component, utilized to improve the health outcomes of population. This study assessed the knowledge, attitudes, and perception of uptake of preventive healthcare services among health workers and rural residents in Benue State, Nigeria. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and a positivist research paradigm. The study adopted a multistage sampling technique from rural communities and primary healthcare centres in the state. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data, from 411 respondents. The data obtained were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, and means were used to answer the research questions, while Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. Results of the study showed that respondents demonstrated a relatively high level of awareness and good knowledge of preventive healthcare services, with counselling services, cholesterol testing, and routine vaccinations being the most recognized. The findings further revealed that respondents exhibited a generally positive attitude toward preventive healthcare services, as indicated by a cluster mean above the decision benchmark. However, despite this positive disposition, the uptake of preventive healthcare services was only moderately high. The study also established that knowledge and attitude had a weak but statistically significant positive relationship with the uptake of preventive healthcare services. Based on the findings of the study, it was recommended that health authorities and community health workers should intensify health education campaigns to bridge the gap between knowledge and actual utilization of preventive services. Continuous training programmes should be implemented to strengthen the capacity of health workers in promoting preventive practices, while community-based strategies involving local leaders should be adopted to improve perception and encourage consistent uptake of preventive healthcare services among rural populations.
Josefhia Yvone A. Himoldang, Lailanie D. Esquivel, Leslie N. Gannaban, Maica Mae S. Gagarin, Queenne Kimverlee C. Landingin, Remelyn C. Gerardo
Introduction. Many older people worldwide face major challenges in adhering to medicine, which has a direct impact on their health Objective. This study aim was to thoroughly determine the level of influence on medication adherence among the elderly in Barangay Batal, Rizal, and Rosario Santiago City. Method. Using a descriptive cross-sectional design, the study surveyed n=358 elderly individuals to obtain relevant and accurate information regarding their medication practices. An adopted questionnaire was used from a previous study to gather data from respondents and ensure consistency in measuring adherence. Result. The result of the study shows that the level of medication adherence among the elderly in the selected barangay has high adherence in terms of effectiveness of medicine, desire to be treated, physician’s good prescription, and influence of positive observation. Conclusion. This indicates that the elderly respondents are motivated to follow their medication regimen when they perceive the medicine to be working effectively, when they genuinely desire to be healed, when the physician prescribes medications appropriately, and when they observe positive health outcomes from doing so. Moreover, it was statistically shown that there is no significant difference between medication adherence among the elderly when grouped according to profile, such as age, gender, or other demographic factors. The findings emphasized maintaining medication adherence in improving and sustaining health to attain better outcomes, particularly among the elderly population facing chronic health challenges
Agboola Femi, ADEBAYO, Emmanuel Kolawole, ODUSINA, Oluwaseun Ruth, ADEBAYO, Omoyemi Lydia, ADELEGAN, Temitope Rebecca, HENRY-BABATUNDE
Background: Unmet need of contraception is a serious issue in Nigeria that has caused unintended pregnancies and bad reproductive health results. The role of men in family planning has been very important and in patriarchal society such as Nigeria where men serve as the key influencers of reproductive choices. This research paper explored the level of participation of men in family planning and how it is connected to the unmet contraceptive needs among women at Ido/Osi Local Government Area (LGA) in Ekiti State, Nigeria. Methods: Cross-section survey of 246 women of reproductive age (15-49 years) who had given birth within the past three years in Ido/Osi LGA was carried out. The respondents were selected through multistage sampling and data gathered through self-completed questionnaires. The associations between men involvement and unmet contraceptive needs were tested with chi-square and logistic regression models, and the fertility preferences and male involvement were summarized with descriptive statistics. Findings: The research findings indicated that the prevalence of unmet need to contraception among women is high (59.8%). Although 46.3% of the respondents said their husbands participated in family planning, the actual use of male contraceptives was minimal with only 33.3% of the participating males using contraceptive methods, mainly condoms (73.7%t). A report on spousal communication on family planning showed that 58.1% of women had it, and it had a significant impact on contraceptive use and support. The statistical computation revealed that there was significant correlation between the participation of men in family planning and a low rate of unmet contraceptive need ( 2 = 31.583, p = 0.005). Logistic regression revealed that Husband involvement was the only significant independent variable (OR = 0.197, p < 0.001), and the odds of Respondents whose husbands were not involved were significantly low (OR = 0.20, p < 0.001), thus other socio-demographic factors may also contribute. Conclusion: Despite the high demand of contraceptive use among women living in Ido/Osi LGA, men participation in family planning is not as optimum as it should be. Increased engagement of men by means of better communication, education and sociocultural interventions can help decrease unwanted pregnancies and improve reproductive health outcomes. Strategies to actively involve the men should be implemented by policymakers and reproductive health programs in order to ensure improved uptake of family planning.
Ravisankar Devalraju, Sridevi Vishnumolakala
Introduction: Microalbuminuria, defined as an albumin excretion rate (AER) of 30–300 mg/24 hours, is a critical early biomarker for glomerular damage and generalized endothelial dysfunction. This study investigates the prevalence of microalbuminuria in individuals without diabetes or hypertension to identify sub-clinical markers of cardiovascular and renal risk. Materials and Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study of 95 healthy volunteers categorized by age (25–40 and 40–65 years) and lifestyle habits (smoking and alcohol consumption). Urinary albumin was measured via Nycocard U-Albumin assay, and serum lipid profiles were analyzed using enzymatic methods. Results: Microalbuminuria levels were significantly higher in the 40–65 age group ($128 \pm 9.9$ mg/24h) compared to the 25–40 age group ($79 \pm 9.2$ mg/24h). The combination of smoking and alcohol consumption synergistically increased albumin excretion and total cholesterol while lowering high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels. Conclusions: In non-diabetic and non-hypertensive populations, advancing age and tobacco/alcohol use are major drivers of microalbuminuria. Early screening provides a critical window for clinical intervention to prevent end-stage renal disease and cardiovascular events.
A. Z. Tsovina, M. M. Shuaibu, S. D. Gyar, S. H. Abdullahi
Despite the extensive study on plant and animal biodiversity in Nasarawa state, our knowledge of microbial diversity in general and macrofungal diversity in particular is very limited. Lentinus species collected from Keana Local Government Area, Identification was based on morphological characteristics and ITS region rRNA sequences. Based on the phylogenetic analyses the Lentinus species collected was Lentinus squarrosulus. The proximate composition, phytochemical and functional properties were investigated using standard analytical techniques. The nitrogen from soil were Lentinus squarrosulus was harvested ranging from 10.1114 ± 2.01 mg/g, phosphorus 8.9562 ±1.11 mg/g, potassium2.1202 ±0.20 mg/g), calcium 1.6423 ±0.13 mg/g and magnesium 0.3415 ±0.21 mg/g. The nutritional compositions of Lentinus squarrosulus were moisture 7.54 %, ash 4.15 %, fat 2.52 %, crude protein 21.61 %, crude fiber 5.22 % and carbohydrate 58.96 %. The functional properties were foaming capacity 131.6 %, foaming stability 56.1 %, water absorption 262.0 %, oil absorption 460.2 %, oil emulsion 61.3 mLg–1, Oil emulsion stability 41.0 mLg–1 gelation concentration 14.0 % and bulk density 413.5 gL–1. The phytochemical components were flavonoids 12.67mg/g, saponins 0.95mg/g, proteins 9.41 mg/g, alkaloids 7.57 mg/g, tannins 6.55 mg/g, steroids (1.43 mg/g), glycosides 2.99 mg/g, terpenoids 3.11 mg/g, phenols 6.11 mg/g, carbohydrates 8.78 mg/g, inorganic acid 1.34mg/g, and organic acid 9.41 mg/g. The results showed that these nutrients rich mushroom studied may prove useful in the formulation of different food products.
A. Z. Tsovina, I. K. Ekeleme, S. D. Gyar, S. H. Abdullahi
Keana forests are well known for high diversity of mushroom, an un-culturable and economic mushroom in Nasarawa state, Nigeria, but their systematics is limited and unorganized. This study focused on Molecular Studies, Nutritional Composition and Functional Properties of Volvopluteus species in Keana Local Government Area, Nasarawa state, Nigeria. Identification was based on morphological characteristics and ITS region rRNA sequences. The proximate composition, phytochemical and functional properties were investigated using standard analytical techniques. The Volvopluteus species samples collected from Keana were identified as Volvopluteus earlei. The highest nutrient detected from soil the Volvopluteus earlei was harvested from was nitrogen (9.0948±0.07 mg/g) while Magnesium (0.6104±0.01 mg/g) was the lowest. Flavonoids (12.35mg/g) were the highest chemical compounds detected and saponin (0.98mg/g) has the lowest. Carbohydrates (57.83 ± 2.03%) was the most abundant nutritional component, while fat (2.83 ± 0.31%) was the least. Oil absorption (462.0 ± 3.12%) was the highest, and gelation concentration (2.2 ± 0.1%) was the lowest. From the findings of this study Volvopluteus earlei from Keana should be used as a functional ingredient in food products such as bread, pastries, soups, and flour-based foods.
Akhigbe, Evelyn Omolegho, Allison, Trust-Jah Tuaegwuchukwu, Asalagha, Maria Ohuboere, Donald-Ase, Mary, Esangbedo, Benjamin Irhebhude, Obijiofor Michelle Chitolum, Phillips Damilola Akinyemi
This study assessed nutritional principles in the management of hospitalized patients with liver diseases. Eight patients diagnosed of liver diseases in the period of one year were studied while on admission in the hospital using structured questionnaire to document socio-demographic, socioeconomic, health, and nutritional status. In this cohort study, participating patients were drawn from a convenience sample. Patients were selected according to Inclusion Criteria from adult conscious patients diagnosed with liver diseases, both male and female from the male and female Medical wards (were all selected) and an Exclusion Criteria of Patients in hepatic coma, renal failure, hypertension, and diabetes (were not selected). Data collection Tools were developed and utilized to collect the data for the study, this was developed by the researcher to include patient’s literacy level, occupation, marital status, income, age, sex, period of stay in the hospital, onset of disease, etiology, ascites, jaundice, severity of liver disease and BMI. The tools include: Tool I: Personal and Medical Data sheet and Tool II: Nutritional assessment sheet. The study was also conducted through, content validity by the Physicians, house officers, medical students, Corp Doctors from the medical field, nursing staff and student nurses from the nursing field.
Bolade Olubunmi MOKUOLU, Oluwatobi Samuel OJO, Samuel Olutunde OLATUNJI
Behavioural addiction is seen as a menace among the youth in Nigeria, in which online gambling is taking the lead. The study delves into the intricate relationship between online gambling behaviour and the mental health outcomes among undergraduate students at Ekiti State University. This research employed survey method with a sample size of 541 participants involving male and female, selected through Snowball sampling techniques using Google Forms, the study utilized standardized questionnaires such as Problem Gambling Severity Index (PGSI), to assess online gambling, while mental health was evaluated using the General Health Questionnaire (GHQ)-28. The result, using Pearson's Correlation Coefficient, found a significant positive correlation between online gambling and four dimensions of mental health which are somatic symptoms, anxiety and insomnia, social dysfunction, and severe depression (p < .01). The respondents were also categorized into four by their levels of gambling behaviour, the ANOVA result showed that the higher the level of gambling, the higher the level of distress in all the dimensions of mental health. The implication is that as gambling behaviour escalates, students exhibit higher mean scores in these dimensions, which illustrate a concerned trend. The study further revealed compelling evidence that a significant proportion of the students actively participate in online gambling, with over 55% indicating a high level of involvement, while only 17.6% reported no involvement. These findings align with previous research, emphasizing the significance of addressing detrimental effects of online gambling on mental health. This calls for proactive interventions and support systems to safeguard the well-being of undergraduate students.
Dorothy I. Obidike, S. N. Igwilo
Oral health is one of major aspects of an individual’s general health and it is also a state of being free from any form of oral disorder. Unfortunately, many young people in developing countries are known to suffer disproportionately from the burden of oral conditions, trauma and diseases. But, having adequate knowledge and good practice of oral health are essential for a healthy oral health status. Hence, the researcher’s motivation to take up this study to ascertain the level of oral health knowledge and behavior among students in Awka Education Zone with 3 research questions and 3 hypothesis serving as guide. Relevant related literature were reviewed guided by conceptual framework, theoretical framework, review of empirical studies and summary of reviewed related literature. The study employed correlational survey design aimed at obtaining respondents opinion on the subject matter and was carried out within 6 months (November 2024 to April, 2025) The study population comprised of 6,274 SS2 students from 65 schools and the sample size of 375 students from 10 selected schools of both gender (150 Male students and 225 Female students), aged 13 – 18 years using Yamane, 1967 standard formula ±5% with Stratified simple random sampling technique of balloting with replacement. The instrument for collection of data were OHKQ and SBQ which were subjected to validation. Data were analyzed descriptively and inferentially using SPSS version 25 and hypotheses were tested at 0.05 level of significance. The data generated were presented by the use of tables according to research questions and hypothesis. The data analyzed with Pearson product moment Correlation showed that age of the student has a moderately positive significance in students at age 15 r (375 = 0.378 p =0.002 ≤ 0.05) indicating a significant correlation between the two variables of oral health knowledge and students behaviour with 95% confidence level (CI) which ranges from 0 to 0. And, the Regression ANOVA analysis correlation moderated by gender (p = .328> 0.05), knowledge and behaviour (p = .001> .05). Conclusion: The outcome of this study shows that among others, there is a moderate and significant positive relationship between the variables amongst secondary school students’ in Awka Education Zone, which aligns with educational expectations.
Ebikapade Amasuomo, James E. Okoko, Justina Ananga Adegba
Background: Towards the end of 2019, communities in Wuhan City, China, began noticing the spread of a mysterious disease with pneumonia-like symptoms. Many of those infected had visited the Wuhan food market, which was later linked to the early outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. The disease initially spread rapidly among market stall owners, shoppers, and workers. However, as individuals without any travel history to the market began showing symptoms, it became evident that community transmission had begun. This research investigates the environmental implications of the COVID-19 outbreak. Materials and Methods: To achieve the research objective, a mixed method approach was adopted using a questionnaire survey with 36 participants drawn from five states affected by the COVID-19 outbreak. The sample was purposively selected to include only participants at the forefront of managing COVID-19 waste. Participants were drawn from various fields and organizations. The breakdown of participants (n = 36) included 24 workers and managers of waste management companies, 7 senior staff members of ministries and waste management agencies, 3 environmental health officers working in hospitals and 2 laboratory scientists. Results: The research found that outbreaks of infectious diseases act as a catalyst for increased waste generation. The study showed that COVID-19 waste is generated in three phases: home treatment and observation phase, diagnostic phase, and hospital treatment phase. The study revealed that waste management practices varied across these phases. For instance, waste generated in laboratories during diagnosis and treatment are often autoclaved and disposed of in landfills, incinerated, or subjected to open burning, while waste generated during home observation are collected and managed as domestic waste. Conclusion: The study concluded that the current infectious waste management process in Nigeria have a negative implication for the environment with the potential to degrade overall environmental quality.
Mr. Hitendra Singh Inda
Patient satisfaction has become a critical indicator of healthcare quality, particularly in multi-specialty hospitals where a wide range of medical services are delivered under one roof. This study examines the key determinants of patient satisfaction and presents a comparative analysis between public and private multi-specialty hospitals using secondary data from empirical studies and survey-based findings. The research identifies major influencing factors, including clinical care quality, staff behaviour, waiting time, infrastructure, affordability, administrative efficiency, and billing transparency. The findings reveal that while clinical care remains the most significant determinant, non-clinical aspects play a crucial role in shaping overall patient experience. Private hospitals demonstrate higher satisfaction levels (88–92%) due to better infrastructure, responsiveness, and service efficiency, whereas public hospitals perform better in affordability but lag in service delivery and administrative processes (70–78%). The study concludes by recommending the adoption of patient-centred care practices, digitalization, and continuous service quality improvements to enhance overall healthcare delivery.
Enyindah, Cosmos, Ihudiebube-Splendor, Chikaodili, Ikukaiwe, Juliet Nkechi
Background: Labour pain is the most intense acute pain experiences in obstetrics, profoundly influencing maternal satisfaction, psychological well-being, and postpartum recovery. In resource-limited environments with limited pharmacological options, pain intensity during and immediately after childbirth is associated with physiological factors, healthcare provider’s practices, demographic profiles, and care delivery deficiencies. This study examined patterns of labour pain intensity, during postpartum, associated demographic and obstetric factors among postnatal women in primary healthcare centres in Obio/Akpor, Rivers State, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive survey was employed in the study. The study population comprised of postnatal women aged 15–49 years who had vaginal delivery within the three months prior to data collection. 393 participants were recruited from six selected centres through simple random sampling. Data collection involved a validated questionnaire, with test-retest reliability coefficient of 0.78, was used to assess sociodemographics, obstetrics, and verbal-rated pain intensity. Analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, and binary logistic regression, using SPSS version 27 (p < 0.05). Results: Moderate-to-severe labour pain was reported by 72.1% of the total number of the participants, while 64.9% reported that they endured intense pain for 1–6 hours. In post-delivery, pain reduced notably, but 37.1% of the mothers experienced moderate-to-severe residuals. Chi-square tests showed significant links between labour pain intensity and age (χ² = 16.500, p = 0.036), education (χ² = 15.867, p = 0.044), parity (χ² = 31.330, p = 0.001), labour onset (χ² = 32.454, p < 0.001), and delivery type (χ² = 30.142, p < 0.001). Logistic regression indicated that induced labour raised severe pain odds by 46% (AOR = 1.46, 95% CI [1.01, 2.09], p = 0.042). Conclusion: labour pain imposes a substantial burden - intensified by interventions like induction, alongside primiparity, and low education. Recommendations include application of standardised pain protocols by providers, non-pharmacological supports, indication-restricted inductions, and education for at-risk groups to provide equitable and patient-centred care.
Abegail C. Dulay
The Police Community Affairs and Development is a strategic initiative of the Philippine National Police (PNP) designed to promote mutual trust, cooperation, and active participation between law enforcement and the community in maintaining peace and order. Its primary aims to build strong partnerships that foster public safety, crime prevention, and inclusive governance through respectful dialogue and collaboration. This study aimed to assess the level of implementation and level of effectiveness of Police Community Affairs and Development among the Indigenous People in San Nicolas, Pangasinan. Through mixed-method research design, including survey questionnaire and interview guide involving both PNP personnel and IP community members as the respondents of this study. Based on the findings, the Police Community Affqairs and Development among the Indigenous People in San Nicolas, Pangasinan is highly implemented and highly effective. The study identifies key issues such as lack of funding and mobility, cultural differences and language barriers, and insufficient police manpower and equipment. Despite these challenges, the program has shown positive results in improving community engagement and building trust. The study recommends targeted interventions such as increased budget support, cultural competency training, personnel augmentation or reassignment and provide necessary equipment, and stronger collaboration with local government units and NGOs. The findings highlight the importance of culturally responsive policing and sustained community partnerships in achieving long-term peace and security in indigenous areas.
Dumnobi, Gladys Uju, Mohammed Isah, Tijjani Garba
The study is motivated by the spread of waste from poultry abattoir in the Muda Lawan Market in Bauchi Municipal Area and its attendance consequences on the environment and its health impact on the local population. Mixed research method was used to collect data for the study. One hundred questionnaire were administered to elicit information from the poultry butchers, market users and market neighborhood. The distance between the abattoir and the adjoining land uses was determined using GPS. The abattoir air quality was assessed using Aeroqual series potable gas measuring device twice daily Morning and evening. Data obtained were analyzed using inferential statistical in SPSS version 25. Chi-square was used to determine the relationship between the dump site location and reported health issues. Air pollutant value obtained was compared with WHO and NIOSH threshold. The result revealed that the poultry abattoir is located very closed to the waste dump site 43.84m and 112 meters away from the market center, ATBU medical college, Aliko Dangote college of Nursing and Urban College Secondary School. Air pollutant dictated in the dump site include; Methane (CH4), Hydrogen Sulfide (H¬¬2S¬¬), Oxygen (O2) and Carbon Monoxide (CO). All the four (4) gasses revealed constant emission during morning (6.30am) and Evening (6.30 pm) except oxygen. CH4 had the ratio value of 2,000ppm (0.1%), H¬¬2S had the ratio 1,000 ppm (0.1%), CO had the ratio 3,000 ppm (0.3%) and O2 has the ratio of 16,000 ppm (16.0%) morning and 19,000 ppm (19.0%) evening. The four (4) gasses dectated does not exceed the threshold limit of WHO/NIOSH. The study found that people living near the poultry abattoir and its dump site are at risk of respiratory, skin and gastrointestinal diseases. Respondents expressed concerned on gastrointestinal (12.2%) and skin disease (13.3%) as the most prevailing disease among butchers and residence than skin diseases (1.0%). Market users and Resident respondents expressed concern on foul odor (72%) and filthy environment full of animal tissues (64%). The study also showed that people were unhappy (74.5%) with how waste is currently being managed in the market. The Chi-Square value confirmed significant relationship (P > 0.05) between distance to abattoir waste dumpsite and reported health issues. The study concluded that the continuous emission of Hydrogen sulfide, methane, Carbon monoxide and associated gasses in the abattoir waste dumpsite is below the threshold limit of national institute for occupational safety and health (NIOSH) therefore, it does not portrayed any serious environmental risk to human but to the environment contributing to greenhouse gas emission. The study recommended among others that the Bauchi Local government Authority (LGA), BASEPA and relevant NGO’s should formulate policy that will specifically control the continuous proliferation of poultry abattoir waste and its attendance consequences to human health and the environment.
Charisma Thampy, Roopa Rao
Musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs), which include inflammatory and degenerative disorders that affect the lower back, neck, and upper and lower limbs, are among the leading causes of occupational injuries. Preschool services are essential in modern societies since they have a strategic role, in concert with families, in sustaining children’s whole development (e.g., emotional, social, physical, and cognitive). In this context preschool teachers, who are professionals, mostly women are properly trained to fulfill these aims and carry out a job primarily of a relational nature, consisting of nurturing and teaching children under the age of six years, as well as constantly interacting with their parents. However, an under-considered aspect of the preschool teaching profession is that the job requires the mobilization not only of emotional but also of physical resources. Teachers are constantly required to lift, bend, or carry children as well as sit on small furniture or on the floor to take care of, play with, and interact with children. As the facilities are usually designed to be height-appropriate for children, preschool teachers are bound to adopt awkward body postures to perform their work tasks. Research has demonstrated how these kinds of physical demands negatively impact preschool teachers’ musculoskeletal systems. According to research, the incidence rate of musculoskeletal disorders (MSDs) among such teachers is quite high, varying from 39% to 95%. MSDs involve various body regions, particularly the back, neck, shoulders, and knees. There is no research done on the safety and ergonomical aspect of preschool teachers whereas there has been plenty of literature that tells what to do when it comes to the safety of preschool teachers but nothing has been implemented. Therefore, based on this gap analysis this research study has been formulated. To address this gap, 40 preschools were examined and in-depth interviews with 60 educators using a validated self-constructed questionnaire and an adapted safety checklist. Furthermore, observational methods were employed to capture real-time behaviours and interactions in the studied environment. The objectives of this research were to analyze the postures adopted by teachers while doing daily activities in schools using the Owako Working Posture Analysing System [OWAS] and to analyze the risk of Musculoskeletal Disorders and Injuries among preschool teachers using Cornell Musculoskeletal Discomfort Questionnaires [CMDQ]. This study also aims to identify hazards and it reveals that Physical hazards were found to be the most prevalent, emphasizing the urgent need for safety measures. Psycho-social hazards closely followed, indicating the importance of addressing emotional and social well-being. Safety hazards underscored the need for accident prevention, while ergonomic hazards suggested a necessity for improved design considerations. Chemical hazards, though less common, warrant careful management for a secure environment, and biological hazards, while the least prevalent, still require attention to hygiene standards. This study contributes to creating safer and more efficient preschool environments, benefiting educational quality and the well-being and betterment of preschool teachers.
Dr. D. Alekhya, Dr. K. S. V. K. S. Madhavi Rani, Dr. R. Indira, Dr. S. Pratima Kumari, N. Lakshmi Prasanna
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory obstructive airway disease that affects individuals across all age groups and continues to pose a major public health challenge worldwide. Understanding age-specific prevalence, symptom patterns, and risk factors is essential for effective disease management and prevention. The present population-based study was conducted to assess the prevalence and patterns of asthma across different age groups and to create awareness regarding its causes, symptoms, risk factors, and preventive measures. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in selected urban, semi-urban, and rural areas of Eluru District, Andhra Pradesh. Data were collected from 140 selected subjects using a standardized structured questionnaire that captured information on demographic characteristics, general health status, age of onset, symptom patterns, triggering factors, risk factors (general and early life), post-COVID respiratory effects, and treatment practices. The study revealed notable variations in asthma prevalence and clinical manifestations across age groups. Common symptoms included wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and persistent cough, with dust, pollution, respiratory infections, and allergens identified as major triggers. Family history, allergic conditions, lifestyle factors, and environmental exposure emerged as significant risk factors. The findings emphasize the need for early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and sustained community-based awareness programs to reduce disease burden and prevent progression of asthma across all age groups.
Dr. D. Alekhya, Dr. K.S.V.K.S. Madhavi Rani, Dr. R. Indira, Dr. S. Pratima Kumari, N. Lakshmi Prasanna
Asthma is a chronic inflammatory obstructive airway disease that affects individuals across all age groups and continues to pose a major public health challenge worldwide. Understanding age-specific prevalence, symptom patterns, and risk factors is essential for effective disease management and prevention. The present population-based study was conducted to assess the prevalence and patterns of asthma across different age groups and to create awareness regarding its causes, symptoms, risk factors, and preventive measures. A cross-sectional survey was carried out in selected urban, semi-urban, and rural areas of Eluru District, Andhra Pradesh. Data were collected from 140 selected subjects using a standardized structured questionnaire that captured information on demographic characteristics, general health status, age of onset, symptom patterns, triggering factors, risk factors (general and early life), post-COVID respiratory effects, and treatment practices. The study revealed notable variations in asthma prevalence and clinical manifestations across age groups. Common symptoms included wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness, and persistent cough, with dust, pollution, respiratory infections, and allergens identified as major triggers. Family history, allergic conditions, lifestyle factors, and environmental exposure emerged as significant risk factors. The findings emphasize the need for early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and sustained community-based awareness programs to reduce disease burden and prevent progression of asthma across all age groups.
Alex Aduojo Iyaji, John Bimba, Winifred Kadoon Kenti
The study was conducted in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria, using a descriptive cross-sectional design. The study population consisted of adults who are within the age of 18-90 years. A total of 385 adult residents were selected using a multistage sampling technique. Data were collected through a structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire and anthropometric measurements including height and weight. The Body Mass Index (BMI) was calculated to determine obesity status. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, and means, while inferential statistics were used to examine associations between socio-demographic variables and prevalence of obesity at a significance level of p < 0.05, using SPSS version 23. Findings from the study revealed that the majority of respondents had normal weight (72.7%), while 13.8% were obese, 7.8% overweight, and 5.7% underweight. Awareness of obesity was moderate, with 55.6% of participants aware of obesity and its associated risks, and 50.1% acknowledging its link to serious health conditions. Knowledge assessment revealed that 49.9% of respondents had good knowledge of obesity, 46.8% had moderate knowledge, and 3.4% demonstrated poor knowledge. The main predisposing factors identified included excessive television viewing (60.0%), overeating (61.0%), eating in front of television (79.7%), high consumption of carbonated drinks (63.9%), consumption of chocolate (72.5), inadequate sleep or stress (62.1%), sedentary lifestyle (55.1%), having less than 8hrs sleep (70.4%), and excessive computer/phone usage (56.6%). Socio-demographic factors such as age, marital status, educational level, ethnicity, religion, and family type showed significant associations with obesity prevalence (p < 0.05), while sex, occupation, and income were not statistically significant (P > 0.05). It is therefore recommended that continuous community-based health education, nutrition counselling, and routine screening for obesity be strengthened to improve awareness and mitigate the rising trend of obesity among adults in Benue State.
Bosah, B.O (Ph.D.), Enuenwemba, C. J, Otoikhian , C.S.O (Ph.D.)
Chlamydia trachomatis is a major public health concern and is one of the leading causes of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and infertility worldwide. A community-based cross-sectional study was used to determine the prevalence of Chlamydia trachomatis infection among patients attending selected Primary Health Care facilities in Ukwuani Local Government Area, Delta State, Nigeria from January 2023 to February 2025. Venous blood and Endocervical swab samples were collected from consenting male and female patients. Giemsa staining technique was used to observe chlamydia and chlamydia inclusion bodies under the oil immersion objective lens (x100). Out of a total 2456 participants, 820 (33.4%) was positive for Chlamydia trachomatis infection. Infection was highest (39.6%) at Amai PHCC, female infection was higher (37.8%) and recorded a significant difference in infection (p<0.05). age related infection was significant (<0.05) with the age group 21-25 yrs old recording a higher prevalence (46.0%). Single participants recorded high prevalence (53.5%) with significant association (p<0.05). chlamydia trachomatis infection among infertile males was significant (p<0.05) with male within ages 26-30 yrs recording a high prevalence 85.9%). The results of the current study demonstrate that Chlamydia trachomatis is a significant public health problem that causes infertility problems. This underscores the need for targeted screening, health education, and control measures in rural communities. Seasonal trends and antibody titre distribution highlight the importance of continuous surveillance to prevent long-term complications.
Dr. Drashti Desai, Dr. Kruti Desai, Pooja Desai
Background: Disability is a complex interaction between health conditions and environmental factors. In India, regional prevalence—particularly among rural and tribal populations—often exceeds global estimates due to socioeconomic disparities and varied assessment methodologies. Objectives: This study aimed to determine disability prevalence in rural Dadra and Nagar Haveli and evaluate its independent association with socioeconomic status (SES) and Quality of Life (QOL) outcomes. Methodology: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 684 adults (mean age 42.7 ±15.3 years) using multistage cluster sampling. Disability was assessed via WHODAS 2.0, QOL via WHOQOL-BREF, and SES via the Modified Kuppuswamy Scale. Data were analyzed using multivariable logistic and linear regression models. Results: Disability prevalence was 31.2% (202/648; 95% CI: 27.6%–34.8%). It increased with age (12.5% to 54.8%; p < 0.001) and was higher among females (34.7%; p = 0.002), illiterate individuals (45.2%; p < 0.001), and lower SES groups (41.1%; p < 0.001). Lower SES (AOR = 2.71), age >60 years (AOR = 3.76), and illiteracy (AOR = 1.84) were independent predictors. Disability significantly reduced quality of life (β = -0.44; p < 0.001). Conclusion: Nearly one-third of the rural adult population experiences disability, which is closely linked to aging, female gender, and socioeconomic disadvantage. The significant impact on QOL highlights an urgent need for standardized assessments and strengthened community-based rehabilitation (CBR) programs within tribal and rural regions.
Bongkiynuy Nancy, Chrisantus Eweh Ukah, Claudine Mulih Shei, Ismaila Karimu, Lawrencia Osae-Nyarko, Nsagha Dickson Shey, Randolf Fuanghene Wefuan, Tendongfor Nicholas
Background: Occupational risks remain prevalent among seafarers along the Gulf of Guinea. However, structured evaluations of safety education and capacity-building initiatives targeting these risks remain scarce. Objective: This protocol outlines a mixed-methods study to assess the impact of a tailored occupational health and safety (OHS) training program on the knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors of West -African seafarers using the COM-B behavioral model. Methods: A quasi-experimental design will be used to conduct the study in the ports of Douala (Cameroon), Warri (Nigeria), and Tema (Ghana). Following recruitment, participants will be randomly allocated to intervention and control groups. A pre-assessment will be conducted with both intervention and control groups to establish baseline information. A six-module OHS training will focus on safety practices, hazard identification, and behavioral reinforcement. Data will be collected through surveys, focus group discussions (FGDs), in-depth interview (IDIs), and structured observation at both pre- and post‑intervention stages. Quantitative data will be analyzed using SPSS, while qualitative data will be coded and analyzed using ATLAS.ti.. The COM-B framework will guide the intervention logic and inform outcome assessment. Expected Outcomes: This protocol is designed to generate replicable, policy-relevant evidence on improving seafarers’ safety behavior through contextualized health education and capacity building intervention.
Charmaine R. Quiña, Lawrence Quincy P. Quiaño, Ma. Andrea C. Del Rosario, Michael Hendrix T. Casama, Ricardo Saronias Jr., Sheriah Grace C. Labid, Sherrie Ann Cananua-Labid, Virginia S. Ariza
Teenage pregnancy remains a significant public health concern in low- and middle-income countries, including the Philippines, where rural and underserved communities continue to experience persistent social and health inequities. Despite ongoing policy and programmatic efforts, adolescent fertility rates remain disproportionately high in socioeconomically disadvantaged areas. This study examined psychosocial factors associated with teenage pregnancy using a cross-sectional retrospective design. Participants were adult women aged 20 years and above who were purposively selected from barangay records in rural communities and classified as teenage mothers (first childbirth at ages 13–19) or non-teenage mothers (first childbirth at age 20 or older). A total of 441 respondents completed structured questionnaires assessing self-esteem, study attitudes, and family attachment as recalled prior to their first pregnancy. Independent-sample t-tests were conducted to examine group differences, while multivariable logistic regression was used to identify psychosocial predictors of teenage pregnancy. Results indicated that non-teenage mothers reported significantly higher self-esteem, more positive study attitudes, and stronger maternal attachment than teenage mothers (p < .001). Logistic regression analysis showed that self-esteem (OR = 0.16), study attitude (OR = 0.66), and maternal attachment (OR = 0.20) were significant protective factors against teenage pregnancy. The model demonstrated robust predictive performance, with an overall classification accuracy of 82% and high sensitivity in identifying teenage mothers. These findings underscore the importance of psychosocial and relational factors in shaping adolescent reproductive outcomes within structurally constrained rural contexts. Strengthening adolescents’ self-esteem, sustaining school engagement, and promoting supportive mother–child relationships may be critical components of preventionoriented strategies to reduce teenage pregnancy, particularly in rural and resource-constrained settings.
Aida Hazlin Ismail, Aishah binti Habibullah, Hazlina Hassan
This study investigates how internal auditors’ attributes influence technology adoption among internal auditors in Malaysia. Specifically, it examines the role of perceived benefits, technological challenges, and ease of use in shaping adoption behaviors, using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) as the theoretical foundation. A quantitative survey was conducted involving 87 internal auditors from listed companies in Malaysia. Descriptive statistics were used to assess the levels of technology adoption and the independent variables. Correlation analysis identified relationships among variables, while multiple regression analysis evaluated the effects of perceived benefits, technological challenges, and ease of use on technology adoption. The results indicate that perceived benefits and ease of use significantly influence technology adoption among internal auditors. However, technological challenges did not show a significant relationship. These findings highlight the importance of user perceptions and system usability in promoting successful technology adoption. The study’s findings are limited by the sample size and response rate, as not all registered internal auditors in Malaysia were included due to time constraints and non-responses. This limits the generalizability of the results. Organizations should emphasize the practical benefits and user-friendliness of technologies to increase adoption among internal auditors. Tailored training and support may further reduce resistance and enhance implementation success. This study contributes to the limited body of research on internal auditors and technology adoption in Malaysia. It provides a practical framework for understanding the key factors influencing technology acceptance within the internal audit profession.
Chukwuka Lucia Ogechukwu, Fatile Jacob Olufemi, Hunga Victoria Opeyemi
This study examined the effects of public policy on the public health management system at Amuwo-Odofin Primary Health Care, Festac, Lagos State, Nigeria. A pragmatist research paradigm and stratified random sampling were adopted to select 350 employees. Data were collected using a structured questionnaire and analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Pearson product–moment correlation coefficients, and regression analysis with Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS, Version 25.0). Findings indicated that public health policies promote equitable access to healthcare services across socioeconomic groups and support regular vaccination and immunization services in public primary healthcare centers. The study also found that health facilities provide drug abuse awareness and family planning information. Statistical results revealed significant relationships between health insurance policy and access to healthcare services (r = .877, p < .001), public health policy and vaccination services, and healthcare service policy and effective prenatal and antenatal care (r = .786, p < .001). The study concludes that public policy significantly enhances public health management and recommends increased government funding and continuous capacity building for health workers to improve service delivery.
Rashed Rafi
Disability-Adjusted Life Years (DALYs) are a comprehensive indicator of population health, combining years of life lost (YLL) due to premature mortality and years lived with disability (YLD). The aim of this study is to assess how healthy lifestyle practices can contribute to the reduction of DALYs among individuals aged 40 years and above in Keraniganj Upazila, Dhaka. This research adopts a mixed-methods design, integrating both quantitative and qualitative approaches. A structured survey was conducted among 300 residents from Kalatia and Shakta Unions to collect data on lifestyle behaviors, disease prevalence, and healthcare utilization. In addition, Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), Key Informant Interviews (KIIs), and case studies were carried out to explore perceptions, barriers, and lived experiences related to health and lifestyle practices. The findings reveal a high burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs), including hypertension (36%), arthritis (30%), diabetes (18%), chronic respiratory diseases (12%), and multimorbidity (22%). Most participants (88%) reported poor or fair health, with significant functional limitations and an annual loss of 15–20 days due to illness. Preventive health practices were limited, while dependence on pharmacies was high. Unhealthy dietary habits, low physical activity, tobacco use, poor sleep, and mental health concerns were prevalent. Awareness of healthy lifestyle guidelines was low, although positive attitudes toward healthy living were common. Qualitative insights identified poverty, cultural norms, and lack of local health promotion as major barriers. Overall, the study demonstrates that improving lifestyle practices can substantially reduce DALYs and enhance quality of life.
Behzad Nikzad, Mina Adampourezare, Saeedeh Sadat Hasheminezhad
Dyscalculia is a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by difficulties in processing numerical information, understanding quantitative concepts, and performing simple mathematical calculations, and is seen in approximately 3 to 7 percent of children. This article reviews 61 studies between 2006 and 2025 to analyse the strategies and challenges of cognitive, neurological, and technological interventions. The results show that dyscalculia is a heterogeneous disorder and is associated with problems such as poor working memory, attention, cognitive inhibition, and math anxiety. Brain imaging findings such as fMRI show reduced activity in areas related to number perception, such as the interparietal sulcus and angular gyrus. Differences in the brain networks of children with dyscalculia can also help identify specific cognitive profiles. Four areas of intervention are proposed, including structured instruction, adaptive digital tools, early screening, and neurophysiological interventions (such as brain stimulation). Tools such as Calcularis and EDSense are effective in improving numerical skills and reducing anxiety. However, children with co-occurring disorders such as dyslexia or ADHD respond less well to interventions. Genetic studies also suggest genetic overlap between these disorders and deletions of genes such as 15q11.2. Finally, the need to design multi-layered, personalized interventions and use new technologies is emphasized to map out a more effective path to identifying and treating dyscalculia.
Angela Adaku ELEGBUA, Elizabeth Ogandima EBOH, Hadijat Olaide RAJI, Hafsat Abolore AMEEN, Issa Babatunde AREMU, Olanrewaju Olawale MUSBAU, Sunday Adedeji ADERIBIGBE, Zainab Ajoke JIMOH
Anemia in pregnancy remains a significant public health burden in Nigeria and is a major contributor to maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality. Despite routine antenatal care (ANC) services, substantial gaps persist between awareness, knowledge, risk perception, and preventive behaviors. This study assessed knowledge, risk perception, preventive practices, and their determinants among pregnant women attending ANC in Ilorin Metropolis, Nigeria.
Jeanette Owusu, Oheneba Kofi Nti, Peter Agyekum Boateng, Racheal Amoah
Water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) and physical education are both central to healthy schools, yet they are often planned, implemented, and monitored as separate domains in basic education systems. This narrative literature review examined how school governance can connect WASH and physical education within one school health system and identified strategic areas for improving coordination between WASH and physical activity promotion in Ghanaian basic schools. Relevant peer-reviewed studies published mainly between 2021 and 2026 were identified through searching five electronic databases (Scopus, Web of Science, PubMed, ERIC, and Google Scholar), screened for relevance, and synthesised thematically. Twenty studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the synthesis, of which four were conducted in or specifically about Ghana. The review found that effective coordination depends on governance practices such as policy alignment, role clarity, intersectoral collaboration, resource planning, facility oversight, and routine monitoring. The literature also shows that WASH and physical education interventions often produce mixed results when implementation is fragmented, measurement is inconsistent, or leadership capacity is weak. In the Ghanaian context, governance challenges appear in uneven WASH implementation, limited parental and community participation, weak collaboration, and insufficient support for physical education delivery. The review contributes to school health scholarship by integrating WASH and physical education within one governance framework and argues that strategic governance is essential for creating healthier, safer, and more active school environments.
Awotunde Williams Alamu, Ojewusi Ayoola Ayobami, Titiloye Musibau Ayoade
While proper use of drugs can promote health and well-being, their misuse or abuse can lead to serious harm. Substance abuse is a global issue, and it is on the increase and most especially among youths with devastating effects on individuals, family and society at large. However, there has been limited exploration into broader populations to uncover additional vulnerable demographics engaged in substance abuse, particularly among the youths not enrolled in school, leaving a gap in the substance use data of the country. Therefore, it is crucial to assess the prevalence of substance use and its underlying factors among out-of-school adolescent and young people, to facilitate the development and execution of targeted interventions. The study employed a quantitative cross-sectional design and utilized a multi-stage sampling approach, information was gathered from 319 respondents across five wards in Mushin Local Government Area, Lagos State, Nigeria. Data collection involved an interviewer-administered semi-structured questionnaire via the Kobo Collect app, focusing on socio-demographic details, substance use prevalence, commonly abused substances, associated factors, and awareness of substance-related complications. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive and inferential statistics (Chi-Square and ANOVA) at p<0.05 significance. Results: The study revealed that the mean age of respondents was 21.4 ± 2.12 years. Most (82%) were 20-24 years old, predominantly male (96%). Marijuana was the most common initial drug (39%), followed by Tramadol (15%) and Colos (12%). Key motivations for drug use included curiosity (79.6%), desire for happiness (52%), improved social interactions (37.6%), and enhanced sexual performance (33.9%). Statistical analysis showed a significant association between age at first drug use and family type (χ2 = 22.840, df = 6, p = 0.001). The result underscores the need for targeted interventions. Improved education on drug complications, strict enforcement of drug regulations, and addressing socio-cultural influences are crucial to reducing drug abuse among youth.
Chika Emeghebo Ndubuisi, Chioma Chetachukwu Ajator, Doofan Bur, Kamsy Ibuoka, Michael Misan Eji, Somtochukwu Obu
For over two decades, antiviral nanotechnologies have demonstrated robust preclinical efficacy against diverse viral pathogens, including coronaviruses. Yet during the COVID-19 pandemic, these platforms contributed minimally to the global therapeutic response despite unprecedented urgency, regulatory flexibility, and funding availability. This narrative review, structured using the DELIVER framework (Joyce et al., 2024), systematically analyses the translational barriers that constrained deployment across scientific, regulatory, manufacturing, economic, and institutional domains. A comprehensive literature search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar (January 2000-December 2024), supplemented by ClinicalTrials.gov and regulatory policy documents. Following deduplication and eligibility screening of 2,847 records, 90 peer-reviewed articles were included in the qualitative synthesis (inter-rater agreement: Cohen's kappa = 0.88). Only three systemic antiviral nanotechnology trials were identified during COVID-19, none of which achieved regulatory authorisation. In contrast, mRNA-lipid nanoparticle (LNP) vaccines succeeded because of long-term pre-pandemic platform maturation, established manufacturing partnerships, early regulatory engagement, and coordinated government support through Operation Warp Speed (~$18 billion). Key barriers included manufacturing complexity, regulatory pathway ambiguity, absent pandemic-ready production capacity, fragmented intellectual property landscapes, and weak cross-sector coordination. Crucially, these barriers did not operate independently but formed mutually reinforcing cascades that rendered single-domain interventions insufficient. Partial successes--including diagnostic nanoparticle platforms and liposomal oncology reformulations--demonstrate that context-specific enabling factors, rather than inherent technological limitations, largely determined translation outcomes. Advancing antiviral nanotechnologies for future pandemics requires proactive, inter-pandemic investment in scalable manufacturing, clearer regulatory frameworks, platform-based development strategies, and coordinated economic instruments. This principally US-focused analysis offers policy insights applicable across high-income country (HIC) and, selectively, lower-middle-income country (LMIC) settings.
Ajayi Philomena Hope, Ejue, Frances Umari, Udoudo Inemesit Oscar
In 2020, globally estimated cases of cervical cancer was 604,127, while the death rate from cervical cancer was 341,831. To alter this trend and accelerate the elimination of cervical cancer, the World Health Organization (WHO) launched the global cervical cancer elimination initiative. In specific, the WHO, set up the 90-70-90 target through the initiative to be achieved by 2030. Thus, it requires 90% of girls to be vaccinated by the age of 15 years. The study assessed the HPV vaccination in the Federal Capital Territory-Abuja, Nigeria. The specific objectives of the study were to determine the rate of HPV vaccination in the Federal Capital Territory-Abuja, to identify the determinants of the vaccination and the effects of the rate of vaccination on public health. The mixed methods of survey and the qualitative study design of in-depth interview were adopted. The multi stage sampling method was used to select participants for the study. The questionnaire and IDI were instruments for data collection. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics using the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) Version 26-0. The qualitative data was analyzed using thematic narrative approach. The study found out that the rate of vaccination of adolescents in the Federal Capital Territory is low. The study also found out that the determinants of this low rate of vaccination is religious manipulation, lack of trust in government, fear of damaging side effects among others. The study therefore recommends that continuous aggressive sensitization on cancer, stressing the prognosis and the cost effect of cancer management, formation of anti- cancer clubs in schools and among religious bodies, to initiate training for persons who will step down the training to the target groups.
Abubakar Kabir, Chiroma Musa Muhammad, Kawu Ahidjo Abdulkadiri, Manman Muhammad Lawal, Nurudeen Aminu Muhammad, Sani Abdullahi Tsoho
Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) transforms lives in an instant, replacing autonomy with dependence, mobility with immobility, and hope with fear. Beyond the measurable clinical outcomes of mortality and neurological recovery lies a deeper, more pervasive reality: the existential terror of living as a cripple in a society ill-equipped to accommodate disability. This study explores the fears, anxieties, and psychological burdens of spinal cord injury survivors at the National Orthopaedic Hospital (NOH), Dala, Kano, Nigeria.
Oluwatoyosi A.A, Umoti Y.M
Background: The Abuja–Keffi Expressway serves as a critical transportation corridor connecting Nigeria's Federal Capital Territory to Keffi, Nasarawa State, and facilitating access to subsequent routes. This highway plays a vital role in the regional transport network, enhancing connectivity and supporting economic activities in the surrounding areas. The ongoing road expansion and interim traffic management may improve mobility and economic activity, but can also create short- and long-term health risks for commuters, workers, and nearby residents. Methods: A structured literature review was used to synthesize evidence across three domains: (1) environmental risks from construction-generated dust, (2) road safety risks associated with temporary traffic controls (including one-way flow) and constrained capacity, and (3) psychosocial and systemic burdens attributable to severe traffic congestion, including air and noise pollution and stress-related outcomes. Results: Construction activities often produce significant quantities of dust, which include fine particulate matter such as PM10 and PM2.5. Additionally, these activities may release potentially hazardous substances, including respirable crystalline silica and asbestos fibers. The reported and plausible effects associated with the situation include respiratory irritation and an increased risk of broader respiratory morbidity, particularly impacting vulnerable populations such as children, construction workers, and residents in proximity to work zones. The risks related to road safety may escalate under temporary traffic controls and periods of congestion, with the Karu Bridge area frequently identified as a critical hotspot. Extended periods of congestion and idling leads to heightened exposure to traffic-related pollutants, such as particulate matter (PM), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Additionally, increased noise levels may contribute to stress and a decline in overall well-being. Conclusion: The paper supports implementing dust control, strengthening traffic management/enforcement, and mitigating congestion, alongside coordinated public health monitoring and surveillance to identify and address emerging impacts.
Blessing Maninga, John Mulopa, Sibusisiwe Dube, Sinokubekezela, Princess Dube, Tinashe Mbiririr, Xolani Moyo
Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) is a condition that results from a malfunctioning kidney, and this disease is affecting a large population globally. Continuous management could delay progression to stage 4 and prevent complications. Currently, CKD management depends on physical clinic visits, which creates monitoring gaps, leading to reactive care. The emergence of smart wearables has provided the opportunity for continuous, remote monitoring. This paper presents findings showing that data from smart watches result in proactive CKD management. Quantitative data were collected from 50 CKD patients who voluntarily participated in the study. The study findings demonstrated high feasibility of integrating smart wearables in CKD management, with a mean device adherence of 87% and successful data integration. Although (42%) indicated challenges in purchasing the smartwatch, their engagement with the technology was high, with 80% reporting increased knowledge about the CKD disease, increased adherence to medication due to reminders from the smart wearable, precise activity and rest metrics, and a reduction in missed medication doses. These findings provide compelling proof that the integration of smart wearables into a structured management framework is feasible and acceptable to CKD patients. Smart wearables are affording patients a shift from intermittent to continuous monitoring of their condition, and promise an early detection of clinical deterioration in CKD patients. While challenges regarding validation, clinical integration, and equity remain, this approach paves the way for predictive, personalized care and management of CKD. Future work must focus on large-scale trials to validate clinical efficacy and hard endpoints.
Cynthia S. Superable, Janyvie M. Agalot
Transition from classroom to clinical practice represents a critical phase for novice nurses, marked by challenges that shape their professional identity and competence. This study aims to explore the lived experiences of novice nurses during this transition to professional practice. Utilizing a transcendental phenomenological approach, the study was conducted in a government hospital in Dipolog City. Twelve novice nurses, selected through purposive sampling, participated in semi-structured interviews to share their transition experiences. Data were analyzed using Moustakas' phenomenological reduction techniques to extract significant themes and insights. The findings revealed six interconnected themes reflecting the lived experiences of novice nurses in their transition to clinical practice. These themes include experiencing fatigue, building resilience, and managing emotional labor; growing through time from training to professional becoming; adjusting to and navigating clinical spaces toward confident practice; building supportive relationships with colleagues and patients; navigating technology, adapting to challenges, and developing competence; and developing competence, practicing accountability, and ensuring safe and reflective patient care. The study concludes that these lived experiences significantly impact novice nurses' professional growth, underscoring the need for holistic support to mitigate transition shock and enhance resilience. Healthcare institutions may implement structured mentorship programs and supportive work environments to facilitate a smoother transition and promote patient safety.
Janreel Marl C. Rosario
The police profession is one of the most demanding fields of public service because officers are expected to make immediate decisions in situations that involve danger, conflict, and public scrutiny. In many encounters, force may be questioned, procedures may be challenged, and competing versions of events may be offered by officers, suspects, witnesses, and community members. In this context, accountability becomes a central issue in law enforcement. Transparency is also expected. Evidence must be collected properly. Public trust must be protected. Because of these pressures, many police agencies have adopted technological tools that can help document operations more clearly and reduce uncertainty during police–citizen encounters. One of the most notable developments in this area has been the use of body-worn cameras or BWCs, which have gradually become part of modern policing systems in different countries, according to the National Institute of Justice (2022). Body-worn cameras are intended to create a real-time audiovisual record of police encounters. Their value has often been linked to documentation, transparency, and evidentiary support. According to White and Malm (2020), BWC footage can preserve events as they unfold and reduce dependence on memory-based accounts that may be affected by stress, confusion, or perception. This point is important because police operations often occur in fast-moving environments where details can be missed or remembered differently by involved individuals. When footage is available, actions can be reviewed with greater consistency. In this sense, the camera is not only a recording device. It also functions as an accountability tool and an evidentiary aid. A key implication is that the use of BWCs may improve confidence in the accuracy of police documentation, especially in operations that later become the subject of investigation, complaint, or court review.
Iyaji Alex Aduojo, Kor Aseer Dorcas, Maijiddah Saidu Aminu
Utilization of preventive healthcare services is essential for reducing disease burden and improving overall health outcomes. This study assessed the uptake, determinants, and barriers to the utilization of preventive healthcare services among health workers and rural residents in Benue State, Nigeria, using a descriptive survey design. The study adopted a descriptive survey design and a positivist research paradigm. The study adopted a multistage sampling technique from rural communities and primary healthcare centres in the state. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data, from 411 respondents for both health workers and. The data obtained were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. Descriptive statistics such as frequencies, percentages, and means were used to answer the research questions, while Pearson’s correlation coefficient was used to test the hypotheses at the 0.05 level of significance. Results obtained showed that the uptake of preventive healthcare services was moderate, with higher utilization observed for services such as counselling for healthy living, blood pressure screening, and blood sugar testing, while services like cholesterol and cancer screening recorded relatively low uptake. The findings further revealed that several barriers significantly influenced utilization, including cost of services, distance to health facilities, poor quality of care, and socio-cultural factors. In addition, socio-demographic characteristics such as age, gender, education, income, occupation, and family size were found to have significant associations with the uptake of preventive healthcare services. The study also identified key facilitators and strategies for improving uptake, including reducing the cost of services, improving healthcare infrastructure, enhancing health worker attitudes, expanding health insurance coverage, and strengthening community outreach and awareness programmes.