Recent Advances and Emerging Trends in Semiconductor Materials and Device Technologies

Abstract

Semiconductors are fundamental materials in modern science and technology, forming the backbone of electronic, optoelectronic, and energy devices. From a chemical perspective, their properties arise from electronic band structure, atomic bonding, and controlled impurity doping. This paper focuses on the structural, chemical, and electrical properties of semiconductors, along with recent advancements in materials such as two-dimensional (2D) systems and wide bandgap semiconductors. Experimental analysis of semiconductor behaviour through current–voltage (I–V) characteristics has been carried out to understand charge transport mechanisms. The study highlights the limitations of silicon-based technology at nanoscale dimensions and explores emerging materials like graphene, MoS₂, GaN, and SiC. These materials exhibit superior electrical, optical and thermal properties, making them promising for high-speed, low-power, and energy-efficient applications.