Sustainable Catalysis with Platinum Group Metals: An Interdisciplinary Framework for Ligand Innovation and Green Chemistry Metrics

Abstract

The transition toward sustainable chemical manufacturing demands interdisciplinary approaches that integrate molecular design and environmental science. This review presents a holistic framework for evaluating platinum group metal (PGM) catalysts, specifically rhodium, palladium, and iridium complexes with hemilabile chalcogen-functionalized phosphine and nitrogen-donor ligands through the lens of green chemistry principles and sustainable catalysis. We examine how ligand hemilability contributes to catalyst longevity and recyclability, analyze life-cycle considerations of PGM utilization from mining to recovery and evaluate emerging catalytic methodologies that minimize waste and energy consumption. Drawing connections between coordination chemistry and industrial process, we assess the environmental footprint of carbonylation, hydroformylation, and cross-coupling processes relative to traditional synthetic routes. The review further explores innovative strategies for catalyst immobilization, electrochemical activation, and photochemical energy transfer that align with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals. By synthesizing perspectives from chemistry, engineering and environmental policy, we propose actionable strategies for reducing the environmental impact of PGM-catalyzed processes while maintaining economic competitiveness.