Organic Reaction in Mixed Aqueous Solvents and their Kinetics

Abstract

Organic reactions carried out in mixed aqueous solvents have attracted considerable attention because these solvent systems provide an environmentally friendly, economical, and versatile alternative to pure organic solvents. Mixed aqueous solvents, consisting of water combined with organic co-solvents such as methanol, ethanol, acetone, dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), or acetonitrile, significantly influence the rate, mechanism, and selectivity of organic reactions. The physicochemical properties of these solvent mixtures, including dielectric constant, viscosity, polarity, hydrogen-bonding ability, and solvation characteristics, alter the stability of reactants, intermediates, transition states, and products, thereby affecting reaction kinetics.