An Update on the Potential Inflammatory and Oxidative Biomarkers for the Early Assessment of Diabetic Foot Ulcer: A Review

Abstract

Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) has been identified as most chronic diabetes complications, contributing to raise morbidity and increased healthcare expenses and exaggerated risk of limb amputation. Early diagnosis is quite important to prevent the progressive development of DFUs and to reduce the disability, mortality rate and hospitalization. Severe inflammation has been recognized as major key pathogenic feature of DFU; however role played by inflammation on the DFU diagnosis remain unclear. In recent years, inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers facilitate a non-invasive strategy for the early assessment of diabetic foot ulceration. Various inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers such as interleukins, tumor necrosis factor and C-reactive protein have been widely used as biomarkers for the assessment of DFUs. In this review article, advanced inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers that can facilitate accurate early assessment of DFU will be discussed in detail. Studies which include detailed discussion regarding the evaluation of diagnostic and comparative efficacy of inflammatory and oxidative biomarkers wee included in this manuscript.