Exploring the Effectiveness of Post-Flood Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) Interventions for Flood-Prone Communities in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria

Abstract

This study explored the effectiveness of post-flood Water, Sanitation and Hygiene (WASH) interventions in Makurdi, Benue State, Nigeria. A cross-sectional survey of 286 respondents conducted in eight flood-prone communities in Makurdi was complemented by the Delphi technique involving 15 WASH experts from government and non-governmental organizations. The results identified heavy rainfall, blocked drainage systems, and unregulated urban development as the major causes of flooding. Housing destruction, public health risks, and community displacement recorded the highest Delphi mean score of 4.00, with public health risks achieving 82% agreement among experts. Short-term reactive and tactical emergency interventions such as water treatment stations, emergency sanitation facilities, and PHAST programmes were rated “Very Effective,” recording 83%, 84%, and 85% agreement, respectively. The study recommends integrated flood management and strengthened rapid-response WASH interventions in flood-prone communities to improve public health outcomes, disaster preparedness, and community resilience.