Economic Analysis of Radial Distribution System with Optimally Placed Distributed Generations Using Metaheuristic Optimization Techniques

Abstract

Distributed Generation (DG) integration plays a significant role in enhancing the efficiency and reliability of modern Radial Distribution Systems (RDS) such as the IEEE 69-bus network. However, improper placement and sizing of DG units, voltage instability, increased power losses, and lack of coordinated economic analysis vary under load condition remain key limitations in existing approaches. To overcome these challenges, this study proposes an integrated optimization framework for optimal DG placement and sizing using advanced metaheuristic techniques. Initially, the system is analysed using the Backward/Forward Sweep Load Flow (BFSLF) method, followed by a 24-hour load variation analysis to capture realistic demand patterns. The Animated Oat Optimization Algorithm (AOOA) is employed to determine the optimal DG location, while the Plant Rhizome Optimization Algorithm (PROA) is used to obtain the optimal DG size. The proposed model significantly enhances system performance by reducing active power losses from 224.91 kW to 97.59 kW and improving the minimum voltage from 0.9092 p.u. to 0.9567 p.u. In addition, the convergence characteristics indicate fast and stable optimization behaviour with effective exploration and exploitation capability. Finally, the economic evaluation shows that the annual cost is reduced from 11.82 million Rs to 3.13 million Rs (Rs 6/kWh) and from 13.79 million Rs to 3.65 million Rs (Rs 7/kWh), with savings up to 10.14 million Rs and net profit reaching 24.60 million Rs, demonstrating strong economic feasibility.