Diagnostic Evaluation of Pancytopenia: A Retrospective Analysis

Abstract

Background: Pancytopenia is a hematological condition characterized by a reduction in all three cellular components of blood—erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets. It encompasses a wide range of etiologies, from nutritional deficiencies to bone marrow disorders.
Aim: To analyze the clinical, hematological, and etiological profile of pancytopenia in patients presenting to a tertiary care center.
Materials and Methods: This retrospective study was conducted at Government Medical College and Hospital, Sawai Madhopur, Rajasthan, over a period of one year (February 2025–January 2026). A total of 410 patients fulfilling diagnostic criteria for pancytopenia were included. Clinical data, laboratory investigations, and bone marrow findings were evaluated.
Results: Among 410 patients, females (55.1%) slightly outnumbered males (44.9%). The most commonly affected age group was 41–60 years (34.6%). Megaloblastic anemia was the leading cause (39.5%), followed by aplastic anemia (15.9%), infections (15.1%), hematological malignancies (12.2%), chronic diseases (10.2%), and miscellaneous causes (7.1%).
Conclusion: Megaloblastic anemia remains the predominant and reversible cause of pancytopenia. Bone marrow examination plays a crucial role in diagnosis, and early identification of etiology is essential for effective management.