Bhakhra Beas Management Board (BBMB) and Indian Federalism: An Analysis of Centre–State Relations of Punjab

Abstract

Political systems are of two types, for example, federal and unitary. Federal systems are favored by larger nations, while unitary systems suit smaller ones. In a federal polity, dual governments share responsibilities, often leading to tensions. This paper focuses on the Bhakhra Beas Management dispute between the central and Punjab state government, arising from historical territorial reorganization post-1947 partition. The formation of Punjab and subsequent issues related to territory, river water management, and administrative autonomy have generated conflict over control and representation, particularly concerning the Bhakhra Beas Management Board (BBMB). This research paper examines the BBMB issue in the contemporary Centre-State relations of Punjab , highlighting constitutional provisions, institutional structures, political conflicts, and recent disputes. The study concludes that while BBMB was initially a model of cooperative federalism, it has increasingly become a site of conflict due to centralization, inter-state competition, and political tensions.