Breathing in Dhaka: Air Pollution Effect on Human Health

Abstract

Air pollution poses a significant threat to human health and the environment, with motor vehicles, rapid urbanization and industrial processes major contributors. This comprehensive review examines the impact of various air pollutants, including nitrogen dioxide (NO2), ozone (O3), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), and particulate matter (PM2.5), on human health. Long-term and short-term exposure to these pollutants has been linked to respiratory and cardiovascular diseases, as well as chronic conditions like cancer. Data from studies in regions like Dhaka, Bangladesh through environmental monitoring and health surveys, demonstrate alarming levels of pollutants exceeding WHO guidelines. Results shows the association between hazardous substance and respiratory system. Nitrogen dioxide, for instance, can generate reactive oxygen species (ROS) and free radicals, leading to oxidative stress and cellular damage. Ozone exposure increases the risk of oxidative stress and DNA damage, potentially contributing to cancer development. Carbon monoxide displaces oxygen from hemoglobin, causing tissue hypoxia and various health issues. Sulfur dioxide contributes to acid rain formation, respiratory problems, and environmental damage. Particulate matter, especially PM2.5, can penetrate the lungs, causing respiratory irritation, cardiovascular diseases, and adverse birth outcomes. Preventive measures like flue gas desulphurization and regulatory standards aim to mitigate air pollution's adverse effects, emphasizing the need for urgent action to safeguard public health. The research concludes that immediate policy interventions and public perception are crucial to reduce health hazard and strengthen urban air quality. Additionally, the outcomes highlight the necessity for consistent monitoring systems, stricter exhaust regulations, and sustainable urbanized planning to reduce long-term health effects and ensure a more sustainable living environment.