Nanostructured Energetic Materials: A Promising Strategy for Reducing Sensitivity, Enhancing Reliability and Mitigating TNT Exudation

Abstract

Nano-encapsulation of energetic materials represents a transformative approach to enhancing munitions safety by reducing sensitivity to external stimuli and mitigating critical operational challenges such as TNT exudation. This comprehensive literature review synthesises current research on nano-encapsulated energetic materials, examining synthesis techniques, property enhancements, and practical applications. Three principal encapsulation methods—sol-gel processing, hydrothermal synthesis, and layer-by-layer assembly—are critically evaluated for their ability to control shell thickness, composition, and morphology at the nanoscale. Experimental evidence demonstrates that nano-encapsulation significantly reduces impact, friction, and thermal sensitivity while improving shelf life and thermal stability. The review integrates a practical cost-benefit analysis comparing nano-encapsulation technology adoption versus development of new insensitive explosive fillings, revealing short-term advantages for retrofitting existing munitions. Furthermore, this technology directly supports United Nations disarmament objectives by enhancing safety during storage, transport, and demilitarisation operations. An illustrative parametric model demonstrates potential sensitivity reductions, though validation through molecular dynamics simulations and experimental studies remains necessary. This review uniquely combines technical synthesis with operational perspectives informed by field experience in munitions risk management, establishing a foundation for future research in nano-enabled energetic materials that prioritise safety, reliability and environmental sustainability.