Economic Feasibility and Production Analysis of Ghanajeevamrit as a Sustainable Bio-Input for Rain-Fed and Dry Land Agro-Ecosystem in North Western Himalayan Regions

Abstract

Natural farming systems emphasize the use of indigenous microbial formulations to improve soil health and crop productivity while minimizing chemical inputs. Ghanajeevamrit, a solid formulation derived from cow and buffalo dungs, is increasingly promoted as a sustainable organic input in natural farming practices. The present study evaluates the production process and economic feasibility of manufacturing dry Ghanajeevamrit using locally available resources. Primary production data were collected from a pilot-scale unit operating under community extension activities. The analysis revealed that the total production cost for 300 kg of dry Ghanajeevamrit was ₹13,000, whereas the estimated market value was ₹15,000, resulting in a net profit of ₹2,000 per production cycle. Raw material costs accounted for a significant proportion of the expenditure, while packaging and labeling constituted the highest operational cost component. The results demonstrate that small-scale Ghanajeevamrit production can serve as a viable rural enterprise while promoting sustainable agriculture and reducing dependency on chemical fertilizers. The findings support the integration of bio-inputs in Rain-fed and Dry Land Agro-ecosystem in North western Himalayan Regions for improved soil fertility and environmental sustainability.