Nanoparticles: Classification, Synthesis, Characterization, and Applications

Abstract

Objective: This review aims to present a comprehensive overview of nanoparticles, focusing on their classification, physicochemical properties, synthesis methods, characterization techniques, and diverse scientific applications.
Methods: Relevant studies and review articles were collected from major databases such as PubMed, ScienceDirect, SpringerLink, and Scopus. Various chemical, physical, and biological synthesis approaches were analyzed, along with modern characterization techniques such as electron microscopy, spectroscopy, and thermal analysis.
Results: Findings indicate that nanoparticles possess distinctive properties, including high surface-to-volume ratio and tunable morphology, which enhance their efficiency in drug delivery, imaging catalysis, and energy storage. Biologically synthesized nanopartilces demonstrated better biocompatibility and reduced toxicity compared to chemically prepared ones
Conclusion: Nanoparticles represent a rapidly advancing field with vast biomedical and industrial applications. However, biosafety, toxicity, and environmental concerns require further systematic investigation to ensure their safe and sustainable use.