Hepatitis B Birth Dose Coverage among Infants in Plateau State, Nigeria

Abstract

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection remains a significant public health challenge in Nigeria, with vertical (mother-to-child) transmission being a major route of infection. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends administering the hepatitis B birth dose (HepB-BD) within 24 hours of birth to prevent perinatal transmission. However, the level of HepB-BD coverage across different regions of Nigeria remains suboptimal and poorly documented. This study assesses the coverage of the hepatitis B birth dose among infants in Plateau State, Nigeria, and identifies the determinants influencing vaccine uptake. Using a cross-sectional study design, data were collected through structured interviews with caregivers and health workers, as well as reviews of immunization records from selected health facilities across urban and rural areas of the state. The study evaluated birth dose administration rates, timing, and associated factors such as maternal education, place of delivery, awareness of HBV, availability of vaccines, and health system challenges. Preliminary findings reveal a low overall coverage of HepB-BD, with significant disparities between urban and rural communities, and a high proportion of infants receiving the vaccine beyond the recommended 24-hour window. Key barriers identified include inadequate maternal awareness, high rates of home deliveries, poor vaccine logistics, and health worker shortages. The study underscores the need for targeted health education, improved delivery and immunization services, and policy interventions to enhance timely administration of the birth dose. Strengthening the integration of maternal and child health services with immunization programs is critical for reducing HBV transmission and achieving national and global hepatitis elimination targets.