A Decade of Review: Trends in Budget Execution and Financial Performance of Development Projects in Tanzania (2014/15-2023/24)

Abstract

This study reviews ten years of financial performance, expenditure trends, and budget execution outcomes in Tanzania's development projects, drawing on audit evidence from the Controller and Auditor General (CAG) reports for financial years 2014/15 to 2023/24. Taking a document analysis methodology, the paper reviews major indicators such as budget absorption rates, audit findings, and implementation of audit recommendations over major development sectors. The study reveals persisting inefficiencies in budget execution, recurrent financial irregularities, and unevenness in expenditure performance, with notable instances in water, agriculture, and health sectors. While some progress has been noted in implementing audit recommendations, institutional frailties in procurement, project planning, and financial controls undermine development effectiveness. The study identifies the need for reforms in project readiness screening, real-time disbursement systems, performance-based budgeting, and digital financial management systems. It also recommends an extended scope of modern stakeholder engagement strategies beyond the current Citizen Reports, such as digital dashboards, participatory audits, and media partnerships. The paper concludes with tailored recommendations for policy reform, institutional strengthening, and enhanced public accountability.