Nipah Virus Outbreaks in India: Epidemiological Insights, Response Measures, and the One Health Perspective
by Anajli Prasanth, Anamika M., Angitha K. V., Anupriya K., Ashlesh D. Alva, Jipin Dan Shaji, Pranav Sreeji, Riya Nair, Shraddha Rani, Theertha K. V., Vikhyath Bangera
Published: December 13, 2025 • DOI: 10.51244/IJRSI.2025.12110106
Abstract
Background:
Nipah virus (NiV) remains a major zoonotic threat due to its high mortality and potential for rapid spread. Since its first detection in India in 2001, outbreaks have recurred intermittently, with Kerala emerging as a hotspot in recent years. Understanding the interplay between viral reservoirs, clinical outcomes, and public health responses is critical for strengthening preparedness and limiting future transmission.
Methodology:
This study adopted a descriptive, multi-source approach, integrating outbreak reports, clinical investigations, sero-epidemiological surveys, and wildlife reservoir assessments from Kerala between 2018 and 2023. Data were analysed to capture human case characteristics, surveillance outcomes, and bat sampling findings. Laboratory methods included qRT-PCR, ELISA, and genome sequencing, while epidemiological patterns were evaluated using descriptive statistics and comparative analysis across multiple outbreak years.
Results:
Investigations confirmed the persistence of NiV in Pteropus medius bats, with viral RNA and antibodies detected, alongside evidence of distinct viral lineages. Human case data revealed variability in outbreak severity: the 2018 Kozhikode event showed high fatality and nosocomial spread, while subsequent incidents in 2019 and 2021 were rapidly contained with minimal transmission. Public health interventions, including on-site diagnostics, strict contact tracing, and infection control, proved effective in reducing secondary spread. Sero-surveys among contacts indicated no subclinical infections during the 2019 outbreak, highlighting the impact of timely intervention.
Conclusion:
Findings underscore both progress and persisting vulnerabilities in NiV management. Strengthened laboratory capacity, rapid detection, and coordinated responses have contributed to reduced morbidity and mortality in recent outbreaks. However, the continued circulation of NiV within bat populations presents an ongoing risk. Sustained surveillance, proactive wildlife monitoring, and community-level prevention strategies remain essential for mitigating future spillovers and supporting global health security