Cultural Beliefs and Their Influence on Autism Spectrum Disorder Awareness in Kisii County

Abstract

Purpose: This study examines how local cultural beliefs in Kisii County, Kenya, shape awareness, understanding, and help-seeking behaviors regarding Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). Given limited research in rural Kenyan settings, I aim to explore both traditional narratives and biomedical perspectives, and how they influence recognition and diagnosis of ASD.
Methods: I conducted a qualitative study using semi-structured interviews and focus group discussions among caregivers of children with ASD, community leaders, traditional healers, and health professionals in Kisii County. Using purposive sampling, I recruited 35 participants. Transcripts were analyzed via thematic analysis.
Results: Three major themes emerged: (1) supernatural attributions (e.g., curses, witchcraft, ancestral spirits) as causes of ASD; (2) stigma and social exclusion arising from these beliefs; (3) pluralistic treatment pathways, including traditional healers, prayer, and limited engagement with biomedical services. A lack of formal ASD knowledge, coupled with cultural interpretations, contributed to delays in diagnosis and under-utilization of available health services.
Conclusion: Cultural beliefs in Kisii County significantly affect ASD awareness, contributing to stigma and barriers to early diagnosis. To improve ASD recognition and care, culturally sensitive education and community engagement strategies are needed, involving both biomedical practitioners and traditional/spiritual leade