Utilization and Satisfaction Levels of Primary Health Care Services Among Adults in Umuna Community, Orlu Local Government Area, Imo State

Abstract

Primary Health Care (PHC) remains the foundation of Nigeria’s health system, yet utilization and satisfaction with PHC services remain suboptimal, particularly in rural areas. Understanding community-level patterns of knowledge, use, and satisfaction is essential for improving PHC delivery. This study assessed these factors and their determinants among adult residents of Umuna community, Orlu Local Government Area (LGA), Imo State, Nigeria. A community-based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 400 adults selected through convenience sampling. Data were collected using a pre-tested, semi-structured questionnaire assessing sociodemographic characteristics, knowledge of PHC services, utilization patterns, and satisfaction. Knowledge, utilization, and satisfaction were scored using standardized scales. Data were analyzed with SPSS version 28 using descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to explore associations between PHC utilization and sociodemographic variables. Most respondents were young adults (53.8%), female (68.3%), and traders or business owners. Knowledge of PHC services was moderate (39%), with high awareness of immunization (78%), antenatal care (67.3%), treatment of common illnesses (61.8%), and health education (59.5%). Overall, 61.3% had used PHC services within the past six months, though many preferred hospitals due to perceived shortages of drugs, inadequate staffing, and poor equipment. Satisfaction with PHC services was generally low to moderate (34%), and was significantly associated with occupation and marital status. Utilization was significantly associated with monthly income, knowledge level, and satisfaction (p < 0.05). Although awareness and utilization of PHC services in Umuna were relatively high compared to many Nigerian settings, satisfaction remained low due to persistent system challenges, misconceptions about PHC functions, and inadequate service delivery. Strengthening PHC infrastructure, improving drug supply and staffing, and enhancing community health education are essential to improving trust and optimizing PHC use.