Topic: Rising Temperatures, Rising Risks: Understanding Heat Stroke in India under Global Climate Change

Abstract

Heat stroke, the most severe manifestation of heat-related illnesses, has emerged as a critical global health emergency in the 21st century, exacerbated by climate change and rapid urbanization. In India, where temperatures routinely exceed 45°C, the burden of heat stroke has increased sharply over the past two decades. This paper synthesizes epidemiological, clinical, and policy perspectives to examine the pathophysiology, prevalence, and public health response to heat stroke in India. Using simulated datasets and secondary sources—including reports from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA), National Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), and published studies—this study analyzes temporal trends, demographic distributions, and regional disparities from 2005 to 2022. Results reveal an upward trajectory in heat-related mortality, particularly in states such as Uttar Pradesh, Bihar, Rajasthan, Telangana, and Delhi, with an estimated 3,500 annual deaths by 2022. Vulnerable populations include outdoor workers, the elderly, children, and individuals with pre-existing health conditions. While interventions such as Ahmedabad’s Heat Action Plan have demonstrated success, implementation across India remains uneven. The study concludes that addressing heat stroke requires an integrated, multisectoral approach encompassing surveillance, occupational health reforms, urban climate resilience, and community education. Without coordinated national action, India risks an escalating health crisis in an era of intensifying heat extremes.