Morphological Variations of Oak Leaf Fern Living in Epiphytic, Epilithic and Terrestrial Habitats in Dili, Timor Leste

Abstract

This study examined the morphological variations of Aglaomorpha quercifolia across three habitats: epiphytic, epilithic, and terrestrial in Dili, Timor-Leste. The study aimed to 1.) identify and describe the morphological characteristics of A. quercifolia in different habitats; 2.) assess the statistical variations of these morphological characteristics among different habitat conditions; and 3.) evaluate the extent of morphological variations of A. quercifolia across different habitats based on statistical analysis. Specimens were collected through transect walks and visual searches. Both qualitative (e.g., frond color and texture) and quantitative (e.g., frond and rachis size) data were recorded and analyzed using MANOVA in Jamovi. Results showed that all specimens shared key characteristics such as creeping rhizomes, dimorphic fronds, and scaly stipes, confirming they belong to the same species. However, significant differences in size and shape were observed across habitats. Epiphytic A. quercifolia had the greatest dimension of fertile and sterile fronds. Epilithic ferns were smallest in all measured traits. Statistical analysis confirmed a strong effect of habitat on morphology (F = 57.1, p < 0.001), with fertile frond and rachis length showing the most variation. The findings suggest that while A. quercifolia maintains core species traits, its morphology is significantly influenced by habitat. Epiphytic forms appeared best adapted, with larger fronds aiding nutrient collection. Further research is recommended to include anatomical and physiological studies and environmental monitoring to better understand the species’ adaptability.