Leadership Skills of Middle Managers and Their Impact on Organizational Effectiveness in Selected Higher Education Institutions in Manila

Abstract

This study explored the leadership skills of middle managers and their influence on organizational effectiveness in selected Higher Education Institutions (HEIs) in Manila. A mixed-methods research design was employed, combining survey questionnaires administered to school administrators, faculty, and non-teaching personnel with semi-structured interviews providing deeper insights into leadership practices and institutional challenges. Findings revealed that middle managers’ leadership skills were generally highly evident, particularly in self-management, reflective thinking, emotional intelligence, and authentic leadership. Organizational effectiveness was also assessed as high, with adaptability and innovation, organizational culture, and leadership and governance emerging as the strongest dimensions. Significant differences were observed among respondent groups, with administrators consistently providing higher ratings than faculty and non-teaching personnel. Correlation analysis indicated positive relationships between leadership skills and organizational effectiveness, although these were not statistically significant. Interviews highlighted recurring challenges, including limited financial management capacity, slow adoption of innovative practices, weak communication and strategic alignment, and underprioritized professional development opportunities. The study concludes that middle managers play a pivotal role in sustaining institutional performance, yet targeted interventions are necessary. Recommendations include structured leadership development programs, transparent resource management, enhanced communication mechanisms, and continuous professional growth initiatives to strengthen leadership capacity and ensure long-term organizational sustainability in HEIs.