Bridging AI and Chemotherapy: Translating Precision Medicine into Improved Patient Outcomes

Abstract

Second- and third-generation chemotherapeutic agents have transformed modern oncology by improving therapeutic efficacy, tolerability, and compatibility with targeted and immunotherapeutic approaches. Despite these advances, persistent challenges—such as drug resistance, cumulative toxicity, long-term quality-of-life effects, and disparities in treatment access—continue to limit optimal outcomes. This narrative review explores the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into the ongoing evolution of chemotherapeutics as a strategy to address these barriers. We critically analyze developments in pharmacologic innovation, clinical performance, and AI-driven enhancements in drug design, dose optimization, response prediction, and toxicity surveillance. Finally, we identify current limitations and outline future research directions aimed at achieving more precise, equitable, and patient-centered chemotherapy in the era of intelligent oncology.