International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)
Assessing Sentience in Artificial Intelligence: A Structured Literature Review of Theories, Indicators, and Evaluation Frameworks (2020–2025)
Published January 14, 2026 • Vol. 9, Issue 12, pp. 3197–3210Open Access
DOI: 10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91200245
Abstract
Artificial Intelligence (AI) has evolved from a specialised field of computing into a vital part of how we generate knowledge, make decisions, and address ethical issues (OpenAI 2025). As these developments occur rapidly, progress in self-reflective and adaptive AI has amplified debates about whether machines can have consciousness in business, science, and academia. To provide clarity on navigating this complex area, this review looks at ways to detect signs of consciousness in artificial systems. Specifically, from 2020 to 2025, three primary trends have influenced research on artificial consciousness, establishing the context for this review.
Keywords: Artificial Consciousness; AI Sentience; Structured Literature Review
| Journal | International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS) |
|---|---|
| ISSN | 2454-6186 |
| Volume / Issue | Volume 9, Issue 12 |
| Pages | 3197–3210 |
| Publication date | January 14, 2026 |
| DOI | 10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91200245 |
| Publisher | RSIS International |
| License | Open Access |
How to cite this article
Wynand Goosen (2026). Assessing Sentience in Artificial Intelligence: A Structured Literature Review of Theories, Indicators, and Evaluation Frameworks (2020–2025). International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS), 9(12), 3197-3210. https://doi.org/10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91200245
BibTeX
@article{Wynand2026,
title = {Assessing Sentience in Artificial Intelligence: A Structured Literature Review of Theories, Indicators, and Evaluation Frameworks (2020–2025)},
author = {Wynand Goosen},
journal = {International Journal of Research and Innovation in Social Science (IJRISS)},
volume = {9},
number = {12},
pages = {3197--3210},
year = {2026},
doi = {10.47772/IJRISS.2025.91200245},
publisher = {RSIS International}
}