A Theory-driven Framework for Malaysia’s Research, Development, Innovation, Commercialisation and Economy (RDICE) Ecosystem

Abstract

Malaysia’s aspiration to become an innovation-driven economy is hindered by fragmented RDICE (Research, Development, Innovation, Commercialisation and Economy) efforts, low commercialisation rates, and weak policy coordination. While previous research has examined theory-based RDICE ecosystem models in advanced economies such as South Korea, Finland, Germany, and Singapore, limited attention has been given to how emerging economies like Malaysia can contextualise these approaches amid institutional fragmentation and resource constraints. This gap underscores the need for an integrated, theory-informed RDICE framework tailored to national conditions. This study aims to analyse the theoretical foundations of RDICE, review global best practices, and conceptualise a RDICE eocsystem framework for Malaysia. Using a qualitative, library-based method, secondary data were analysed through textual and content analysis. Findings indicate that an effective RDICE ecosystem should be anchored in five complementary theories—National Innovation System, Mission-Oriented Innovation, Knowledge-Based Economy, Innovation Value Chain, and Integrated Governance. The proposed framework integrates inputs, actors, processes, outputs, and outcomes into three structural domains, and is expected to enhance policy coherence, strengthen industry–academia collaboration, accelerate commercialisation, and support Malaysia’s transition toward sustainable, knowledge-based economic growth.