From Weed to Wonder: Nutritional Profiling of Bidens Pilosa as a Forgotten Food Resource for Household Food Security in Zambia

Abstract

Indigenous leafy vegetables play a pivotal role in enhancing food and nutrition security, particularly within economically disadvantaged rural and urban communities. This study evaluated the nutritional and non-food attributes of Bidens pilosa (commonly known as Black Jack) as a potential alternative vegetable for low-income households in Zambia. The research was conducted between December 2023 and March 2024 in Munamakalwe area, Chipapa, Chilanga District, Lusaka Province. Eight leaf samples were collected from smallholder farms and subjected to proximate analysis using standard methodologies: the oven-drying method for moisture content, the Kjeldahl method for crude protein, and conventional protocols for crude fibre, ash, fat, and carbohydrate estimation. The proximate composition per 100g of fresh weight was as follows: moisture 83%, protein 4.21%, fat 0.2%, fibre 4%, ash 1.2%, and carbohydrates11%. When compared with three commonly consumed exotic vegetables (rape, cabbage, and tomato), B. pilosa exhibited a notably higher protein content, double that of rape, triple that of cabbage, and quadruple that of tomato. To assess the non-food uses and perception of B. pilosa, a structured questionnaire was administered. Results indicated significant ethnomedicinal value and positive health implications. However, popularity among the youth remains low, attributed to negative perceptions of indigenous vegetables as ‘backward’ or old-fashioned. The study highlights the potential of B. pilosa to address micronutrient deficiencies and food insecurity in low-income households. It also recommends further research into its amino acid profile to fully characterise its protein quality. Additionally, investigation into varietal nutritional variability and its potential use as livestock feed is warranted. Greater public awareness and promotion of its benefits are essential to increase its utilisation.