“Safe Drinking Water Practices, Household Behaviour, and Public Health Outcomes in Rural Koppal District: An Empirical Analysis”

Abstract

Access to safe drinking water is fundamental to public health, environmental sustainability, and rural development. Despite significant infrastructural expansion under the Government of India’s Jal Jeevan Mission, ensuring safe drinking water at the point of consumption remains a challenge in drought-prone districts. This study critically examines safe drinking water practices among rural households in Koppal District, Karnataka. Using a descriptive–analytical research design, primary data were collected from 260 respondents across four taluks through structured interviews. Statistical tools including cross-tabulation, Chi-square tests, and logistic regression analysis were employed. The findings indicate that while 48% of households have access to tap connections, unsafe storage practices (37.69%), lack of treatment (38.07%), and irregular supply undermine safety. Education and income significantly influence adoption of safe practices (p < 0.05). Logistic regression confirms that higher education increases likelihood of water treatment adoption (OR = 2.41). The study concludes that infrastructural expansion must be complemented by behavioural change communication, community participation, gender inclusion, and sustainability planning to ensure long-term water safety.