Correlation between Monthly Rainfall and Solar Activity in Lagos-Nigeria during Different Solar Epochs
by Abiola S. Ogungbe, Adesina T. Sode, Austin C. Egba, Emmanuel O. Somoye, Eugene O. Onori, James Whetode, Juwon A. Adebanjo, Olorunfemi Fakunle, Oluwatosin R. Obasi-Oma, Yusuf O. Kayode
Published: April 8, 2026 • DOI: 10.51584/IJRIAS.2026.11030055
Abstract
Rainfall and solar activity are vital components of Earth’s environment system. This study investigates the correlation between monthly rainfall and solar activity during three different solar epochs at Lagos (Lat 6.56 oN Long. 3.34 oE), Nigeria. Despite the established influence of solar activity on Earth’s climate, the relationship between monthly rainfall patterns and solar activity during different solar epochs remains poorly understood. Using Pearson correlation coefficient analysis, this study examines the variations of solar activity (sunspot numbers) and monthly rainfall patterns from 2002 – 2012 a full solar cycle. Contrary to explanations, results show no significant correlation between monthly rainfall and solar activity during the different solar epochs. However, further analysis reveals weak correlations varying across solar maxima (0.024), moderate (0.273) and minima (0.237) phases respectively. These findings suggest that the relationship between rainfall and solar activity is more complex than previously thought, highlighting the need for further research into the underlying mechanisms. This study contributes to improved understanding of solar-climate relationships.