Irrigation Schemes and Rural Livelihoods: Assessing Impacts and Challenges in Honde Valley, Zimbabwe

Abstract

Smallholder irrigation schemes in southern Africa have shown mixed results in improving rural livelihoods and food security. Investigations conducted in Zimbabwe's Honde Valley explored the effects of irrigation projects on the productivity and financial stability of local farmers. A cross-sectional study was conducted across five wards using a mixed-methods approach. A total of 100 irrigating farmers were surveyed via structured questionnaires, with further data gathered from five focus group discussions and eleven key informant interviews. The sample selection utilised a combination of multi-stage purposive and simple random sampling methods. Productivity assessment revealed significant variability across crops and schemes, with banana yields ranging from 7-30 tonnes per hectare and bean yields from 1-3 tonnes per hectare. Sprinkler irrigation systems dominated (90%), reflecting lower capital requirements and adaptability to diverse crops. Improved food security and increased income for farmers were the positive outcomes of irrigation schemes. Crop production contributed 36% of household income, with livestock production adding 27%. Increased household food security was reported by 51% of farmers. Farmers acquired various assets, including livestock (15 % farmers), wheelbarrows (20% farmers), and constructed houses (50% farmers). Key skills developed included farming as a business (50%) and plumbing (30%). High educational attainment among participants (80% secondary education) facilitated technology adoption and business skill development. Major challenges included limited access to capital (30%), poor market access (25%), and seasonal water scarcity (25%). While irrigation schemes have demonstrable positive impacts on rural livelihoods and productivity in Honde Valley, sustainability is threatened by financial constraints, market access limitations, and inadequate infrastructure. Targeted interventions addressing these challenges could significantly enhance scheme effectiveness.