Distance Based Assessment of Noise Pollution in Residential Areas Surrounding Major Market Hubs in Awka South LGA, Anambra State

Abstract

This study examined distance-based variations in environmental noise levels in residential areas surrounding two major market hubs, Amaenyi and Eke Awka, in Awka South Local Government Area, Anambra State, Nigeria. Anchored on Distance-Decay Theory, the aim was to determine whether noise intensity decreases with increasing radial distance from market cores and to assess compliance with World Health Organization (WHO) and National Environmental Standards and Regulations Enforcement Agency (NESREA) residential limits. A cross-sectional field measurement design was adopted. Ambient noise levels were recorded using a calibrated digital Sound Level Meter, and equivalent continuous sound levels (Leq) were measured across three radial bands: 0–50 m, 50–100 m, and beyond 100 m. Descriptive statistics, percentage attenuation analysis, and linear regression were used to evaluate spatial patterns. Results indicate a clear inverse relationship between distance and mean noise levels. At Amaenyi, mean levels declined from 89.6 dB (0–50 m) to 75.4 dB (>100 m), while Eke Awka showed a reduction from 101.1 dB to 82.5 dB. Regression analysis confirmed strong distance–noise relationships (R² = 0.972 and 0.841, respectively). However, all measured values exceeded WHO (55 dB) and NESREA (50 dB) residential limits across all distance bands. The study concludes that although attenuation occurs with distance, existing spatial separation is inadequate to ensure residential acoustic safety, highlighting the need for improved land-use planning and regulatory enforcement