Team Psychological Safety on Patient Safety Events and Error Reporting among Nurses in a Level Ii Government Hospital

Abstract

This study assessed the relationship between team psychological safety and patient safety event and error reporting among nurses in a tertiary hospital during the last quarter of 2025. A descriptive–correlational design was employed, using complete enumeration that yielded responses from 437 nurses. The study utilized an adapted version of Edmondson’s Psychological Safety Scale (1999) and selected dimensions of the Hospital Survey on Patient Safety Culture. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, chi-square tests, Cramer’s V, and Pearson r to determine relationships among demographic profile, psychological safety, and incident reporting. Results showed a moderate level of team psychological safety and a high overall level of patient safety event reporting, with lower scores observed in near-miss reporting and non-punitive response to error. Significant relationships were found between demographic variables and both psychological safety and reporting behaviors. Team psychological safety demonstrated significant positive correlations with frequency of events reported, non-punitive response to error, communication openness, and overall reporting levels. These findings support Edmondson’s Theory of Psychological Safety and align with Reason’s Swiss Cheese Model, highlighting the role of supportive team environments in strengthening patient safety. A Psychological Safety and Incident Reporting Enhancement Plan is proposed to address identified gaps and strengthen the hospital’s safety culture.