Phytochemical Profiling and Therapeutic Potentials of Monoterpenes and Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Avocado Seed Extract

Abstract

The present study focuses on the phytochemical profiling and therapeutic potentials of monoterpenes and aromatic hydrocarbons isolated from the avocado (Persea americana) seed extract. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the active fraction (ADAE3) revealed the presence of diverse bioactive compounds, including β-myrcene, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-1,3-cyclohexadiene, (1R)-2,6,6-trimethylbicyclo [3.1.1] hept-2-ene, p-cymene, and pseudocumene. These compounds exhibit a wide range of pharmacological activities such as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antioxidant, antimicrobial, and neuroprotective effects. β-Myrcene was particularly noted for its superior ability to reduce inflammatory markers and alleviate neuropathic pain compared to standard analgesics, while p-cymene demonstrated synergistic effects with other bioactive agents, enhancing antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory responses. Additionally, aromatic hydrocarbons such as pseudocumene were found to contribute antioxidant activity, underscoring their therapeutic relevance. Supporting compounds identified, including halogenated epoxides, saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons, and carboxylic acid esters, provide further evidence of the chemical diversity and industrial significance of the extract. Collectively, the findings highlight the potential of avocado seed as a valuable source of natural therapeutic agents, offering opportunities for pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and industrial applications. This study therefore contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the medicinal and economic relevance of bioactive compounds from plant-derived sources.