Genome Editing at the Crossroads: Ethical Dilemmas, Legal Labyrinths, and the Quest for Responsible Innovation in CRISPR Era

Abstract

CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing has revolutionized molecular biology and medicine by enabling precise, efficient manipulation of genetic material across species. This paper surveys the ethical, legal, and regulatory challenges emerging from CRISPR’s transformative potential, particularly in human embryos, germline editing, and therapeutic applications. It examines diverse global regulatory approaches, the complex patent landscape, and critical issues of equity and social justice raised by high-cost treatments and unequal access. Drawing on major case law, international conventions, and governance initiatives such as ARRIGE, the discussion highlights the urgent need for globally coordinated, ethically grounded frameworks that balance innovation with human rights and ecological stewardship. Ultimately, responsible integration of CRISPR technology demands transparent oversight, broad stakeholder engagement, and adaptive legal mechanisms to harness its benefits while safeguarding individual dignity and societal well-being.